Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study Essay Example

Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study Paper Various theories have been proposed to explain the cause of juvenile delinquency, this have ranged from the logical to the most basic and instinctive. Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study is a relatively modern development, in the past, societies punished juvenile offenders as if they were nothing more than young criminals. This practice was based on the thinking that the causes of delinquency are not any different from the causes of criminal action and should be punished as such. Scholars have tried to explain why juveniles engage in criminal deviance; early theories were founded on superstition and myth, while the classical school of thought emphasized rational personal choice. As societies became more complex, theoretical models of delinquency reflected the societies understanding of its environment and its biases in that particular time. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile delinquency however as a field of study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Biological theories of juvenile delinquency have existed for many centuries and although some of its claims are contentious, it had gained scientific credence along the way. For us to have a deeper understanding of delinquency, we must also investigate contemporary contexts and the past for we gain insight from previous constructs. Moreover, biological theories give us an alternative way of understanding delinquency, albeit in a deterministic way. Biological theories of juvenile delinquency refer to the effect of inherited physical traits on human behavior. The different concepts present a deterministic explanation of delinquency and criminality and hold that some people are â€Å"naturally born criminals† with physical qualities that govern their deviant tendencies. These qualities include genetic, biological, biochemical profiles that theoretically cause or have a strong effect upon one’s predisposition for deviant behavior (Martin, 2005). The implication of biological theories to delinquency is that free will or personal choice of the individual is only secondary; rather it is the internal physical characteristics of the individual that causes deviant behavior. Biological theories of causes of delinquency include physiognomy, phrenology, atavism, heredity and somatotyping. Physiognomy posits facial characteristics were deemed to be indicators of moral character, so that an honest appearance may gain more trust than a dishonest appearance. The theory of phrenology states that the brain is the source of all personality, including deviant personality. It is said that lumps, bumps, indentations, protuberances and other cranial features were considered to be indicators of brain development. The theory of atavism postulates that criminals could be identified by primitive physical anomalies present at birth, however it states that it does not determine criminality but are indicators of criminal predisposition. Heredity has also played a major role in explaining delinquent behavior, especially in inquiries related to the occurrence of criminality in families. The theory states that deviance is genetically encoded in those born into a family group that has deviant traits. A modern development in the theory of heredity is chromosome theory, it is believed that individuals who commit crimes carries with them an extra Y chromosome or the super male syndrome, it was found that males with the extra Y were more common in prisons rather than in the society (Jacobs, 1965). Somatotyping is another revision of an older theory on body types, this sought to identify certain body types that are more likely to be found among offenders, of the three body types, Sheldon found that mesomorphs (people who are muscular, sinewy, narrow in the waist and hips, and broad shouldered) were found to be juvenile delinquents. The biological theories on juvenile delinquency tried to explain the causes of delinquent behavior, as such it has been in a limited way because it does not account for personal choice or the individual. But this is really the thrust of the biological theories; it removes personal accountability for one’s actions and instead is governed by the internal processes and characteristics of one’s body. The biological theories gave me an opportunity to think at how myopic our view of human behavior was in the past, but nevertheless it also displays man’s ingenuity in searching for answers. In real life however, there is truth in the claims of the biological theories, like when we seem to feel good about children who are pleasant looking, and why we shun children who are not. There is even almost this stereotype that juvenile delinquents resemble mesomorphs in body types, and that we often hear people say that children are sometimes born evil? Thus, it can be said that even if biological theories are outdated and needs to be scientific, it nevertheless is a tool to broaden our understanding of delinquency. References Canter, Rachelle. (1982). Family Correlates of Male and Female Delinquency. Criminology 20:149-67. Howell, J.C. 2003a. Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive Framework. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Jacobs, P., Brunton, M., Melville, M.M., (1965). Aggressive behavior, mental subnormality, and the XYY male. Nature, 208, 1351-1352 Martin, G. (2005). Juvenile Justice SAGE Publications, Inc.

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period The medieval manor, also known as vill from the Roman villa, was an agricultural estate. During the Middle Ages, at least four-fifths of the population of England had no direct connection with towns. Most people did not live on single farms as they still do today, but instead, they were associated with a manor- a social and economic powerhouse of the Middle Ages.   A manor was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. Manors might also have had woods, orchards, gardens, and lakes or ponds where fish could be found. On the manor lands, usually near the village, one could often find a mill, bakery, and blacksmithy. Manors were largely self-sufficient. Size and Composition Manors varied greatly in size and composition, and some were not even contiguous plots of land. They generally ranged in size from 750 to 1,500 acres. There might be more than one village associated with a large manor; on the other hand, a manor could be small enough that only part of a villages inhabitants worked the estate. Peasants worked the lords demesne (the property farmed outright by the lord) for a specified number of days a week, usually two or three. On most manors there was also land designated to support the parish church; this was known as the glebe. The Manor House Originally, the manor house was an informal collection of wood or stone buildings including a chapel, kitchen, farm buildings and, of course, the hall. The hall served as the meeting place for village business and it was where the manorial court was held. As the centuries passed, manor houses became more strongly defended and took on some of the features of castles, including fortified walls, towers, and even moats. Manors were sometimes given to knights as a way to support them as they served their king. They could also be owned outright by a nobleman or belong to the church. In the overwhelmingly agricultural economy of the Middle Ages, manors were the backbone of European life. A Typical Manor: Borley, 1307 Historical documents of the period give us a fairly clear account of medieval manors. The most detailed is that of the extent, which described the tenants, their holdings, rents, and services, which was compiled on testimony by a sworn jury of inhabitants. The extent was completed whenever a manor changed hands.   A typical account of the holdings is that of the manor of Borley, which was held in the early fourteenth century by a freeman named Lewin and described by American historian E.P. Cheney in 1893. Cheney reports that in 1307, Borley manor changed hands, and documents enumerated the holdings of the 811 3/4 acre estate.  That acreage included: Arable lands, 702 1/4 acresMeadow, 29 1/4 acresEnclosed pasture, 32 acresWoods, 15 acres  Manor house land, 4 acresTofts (homesteads) of two acres each, 33 acres   The possessors of the manor lands were described as demesne (or that which was farmed outright by Lewin) including a total of 361 1/4 acres; seven freeholders held a total of 148 acres; seven molmen held 33 1/2 acres, and 27 villeins or customary tenants held 254 acres. Freeholders, molmen, and villeins were Medieval classes of tenant farmers, in descending order of prosperity, but without clear-cut boundaries that changed over time.  All of them paid rents to the lord in the form of a percentage of their crops or labor on the demesne. The total annual value of the estate to the lord of the manor of Borley in 1307 was listed as 44 pounds, 8 shillings, and 5 3/4 pence. That amount was about twice what Lewin would have needed to be knighted, and in 1893 dollars was about U.S. $2,750 a year, which today equals about $75,000.   Sources Cheyney, E. P. The Medià ¦val Manor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 4 (1893): 75-91. Print. Dodwell, B. The Free Tenantry of the Hundred Rolls. The Economic History Review 14.2 (1944): 163-71. Print. Klingelhà ¶fer, Eric. Manor, Vill, and Hundred: The Development of Rural Institutions in Early Medieval Hampshire. Montreal: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Overton, Eric. A Guide to the Medieval Manor. London: Local History Publications, 1991. Print

Development of Staffing Management Plan Research Paper

Development of Staffing Management Plan - Research Paper Example rects all the Gauchito project activities. Management skills 2 03/01/2012 6 Years FV Project Manager Ensures that the project is executed within the schedule Administrative skills 3 03/01/2012 6 Years Project Engineer Execute the project plan Mechanical engineering skills 3 03/01/2012 6 Years Systems Engineer Develop and maintain the system’s soft ware and hardware. ... The risks involved in a project can result to a loss or result to gains for the project. For effective management of risks, an assessment is necessary. All elements used for costing are closely examined and awarded according to its development and impact on the project. The rating is based on design, dependency, difficulties, technical issues and unapproximated costs. The reports received are then evaluated by reports of a previous project. The appropriate level of costs is finally derived from the calculations done from risk assessed. During the project execution, any risks related to the project are monitored and a contingency allocated where possible (Schwalbe, Kathy 229). Part D: Project Organization Chart Part E: Project Team Directory Name Area Team Function Phone Email Michael Jackson Project Director Chair 1-4125 mijackon@gauchito.org Nelson Mandela Project Manager Member 1-6324 nendela@gauchito.org Mildred Otieng’ Procurement Manager Member 1-2456 miieng@gauchito.org Sloureen Bilgael Systems Engineer Member 18547 bilgael@gauchito.org Works Cited Schwalbe, Kathy, Introduction to Project Management, 2nd Edition . USA: Cengage Learning, 2008.

The Masters Skills Personal Development Plan Essay

The Masters Skills Personal Development Plan - Essay Example The aim of a personal development plan is to get a person to reflect in a well-thought-out way concerning her or his knowledge, abilities and skills, and to engage in a course of action of continuous self-improvement. Because of this, knowledge, abilities and skills are improved (Bossidy 2010). Personal headship development plan, conversely, can be regard as a record of core qualities, traits, and abilities on which a person intends to centre her or his personal development endeavours. My objective in designing a personal headship development strategy is to assess as well as explore my behaviours, traits, beliefs, values, as well as a feeling of personal determination, and their influence on individual as well as leadership efficiency. The personal headship development strategy will also aid me in delving into and developing affirmations of personal purpose as well as leadership vision. This endeavour will aid me in planning as well as writing a persuasive and unique action plan that builds on my headship strengths and enhances my personal as well as leadership efficiency (Bossidy 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     I will design a personal headship development strategy to assess my management skills and capabilities, and to generate a strategy for me to enhance them. Via the personal development strategy, I will prime a strategy to meet the preconditions for accomplishing my position as a manager and leader (Bossidy 2010). Leadership Objective My objective is to cultivate my leadership abilities and turn into a transformative manager. Learning new ideas and developing fresh abilities and skills are amongst my topmost precedence. I always aspire to obtain new skills, which can assist me in realizing my objectives. I constantly strive for prospects to utilize what I absorb and to develop further. Reflecting back upon my educational expertise, I could disclose that I have been able to employ the things, which I learnt in various scenarios and areas. In my educational experience, I studied the practical details of managing business. I managed to finish all the allocated tasks in addition to performing well within different undertakings. A good example is my research project on strategic management within organizations. The findings of the research were very informative. I was also able to employ the theories, skills and techniques, which I studied in different activities and scenarios. I learned ideas about the various management strategies and policies. I also learned the fundamentals of management, for instance, planning, leading, organizing, controlling and co-coordinating (Christensen 2009). Transformational leadership tries to transform attitudes, beliefs and feelings. Transformational leadership ensues when a person or more people engage with one another in such a manner that followers and leaders raise each other to higher ranks of morality and motivation. Transformational leadership results to the transmutation of the followers, the leader as well as the social structure they operate in (Christensen 2009). There exist different traits of a transformational manager. A transformational manager is Charismatic. Inbeing, captivating, transformational managers encourage change, collaboration, commitment, improvement and loyalty amongst personnel. The transformational manager functions like a role model to the employees. The transformati

The role of communities programmes (such as after school club and Essay

The role of communities programmes (such as after school club and mentoring program) in shaping education - Essay Example bserved in various scenarios that those students who are undertaking mentored programs yield better results in mathematics and reading tests in comparison to the non-mentored students (Mitchell, Crowson and Shipps, 2011). Schools majorly focus on preparing students with the necessary skills that are essential in the information age but the attention mainly turn towards the real time experiences which are gained by youth and children after school time. After school, summer and weekend programs offer wide range of opportunities in relation to enhancing and complementing the academic learning that is taught in schools (Beyer and Johnson, 2014). These programs can be considered to be promising strategies in terms of engaging students in various recreational, academic and social activities so as to closely knit real time experience with theoretical knowledge. The after-school programs or mentoring programs can be considered to be major pillars of current educational system. These programs help to restructure traditional educational system in such a manner which helps students to secure better academic results. A proper location in school buildings facilitates such programs with added advantages. These facilities comprise of wide range of activities. Apart from providing enrichment opportunities to children, these programs also serve as a medium for child care. There are children living with single parent or there are even students whose mothers are working, and these incidents are specifically observed in United States of America. In such a scenario, mentoring and after-school programs become a procedure to connect parents and students. The communities programs which can be regarded as school aged child care have gained importance as societal procedures and norms lay emphasis on employment. These programs are designed in such a manner th at it enhances creative and logical skills of students. Creative programming helps to attract teens toward such community programs.

Nestle International Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay

Nestle International Mergers And Acquisitions Management Essay Nestle` is one of the largest Nutrition, health and wellness company and committed to provide the best Nutritional food and products around the Globe. Company was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlà © in VeVey (Switzerland). Nestle is a flat organisation with few levels of management and span of control. Moreover, currently company is operating in 84 different countries with 456 factories. Furthermore, In order to ensure the company long term sustainable growth and better understand of customers needs, Company constantly reviews its product portfolio and focuses on its efforts to conduct research. Consequencely, success of Nestle is a reflection of clear define responsibilities, reflection of professionalism, responsible attitude of management, well defined objective as well as significant global leadership position (www.nestle.com) Nestle Brands: (www.nestle.com) The Nestlà © brand portfolio such as milk and dairy products, nutritions, weight management, performance and healthcare, breakfast cereals, ice cream, coffee and culinary products (prepared dishes, cooking aids, sauces) pet care, bottled water etc. practically cover all food and beverage categories. Many of the brands have leadership with in the local and global market and existed for several years, for instance S.Pellegrino the mineral water from Italy, and Nestlà © Moà §a in Brazil, are over 100 years old. The best-known global brands include Nescafà ©, Nestea, Maggi, Buitoni, Purina and Nestlà © itself. Furthermore other brands for instance Milo, Nespresso, Nesquik, Kit Kat, Smarties, Polo, Friskies, Perrier and Vittel sells in many countries. It is considered that total number of brands including local and international reaches into the several thousands. NESTLE INTERNATIONAL MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS. Key Dates 1866 Company Founded 1905 Nestle Merger with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company 1929 Nestle Merger with Peter, Cailler, and Kohler Chocolates Suisses S.A. 1947 Nestle Merger with Alimentana S.A. (Maggi) 1971 Nestle Merge with Merger with Ursina-Franck1974LOrà ©al (equity interest) 1977 Nestle Acquire Alcon (2002: partial IPO) 1985 Nestle Acquire Carnation 1988 Nestle Acquire Buitoni-Perugina 1988 Nestle Acquire Rowntree 1992 Nestle Acquire Perrier 1998 Nestle Acquire San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods 2000 Nestle Acquire Power Bar 2001 Nestle Acquire Ralston Purina 2002 Nestle Acquire Schà ¶ller and Chef America 2003 Nestle Acquire of Mà ¶venpick, Powwow and Dreyers 2004 Nestle Acquire Valio (ice cream) 2005 Nestle Acquire Wagner, Protà ©ika, Musashi 2007    Novartis Medical Nutrition, Gerber and Henniez 2009    Vitality Beverage business 2010    Nestle Acquire Kraft Pizza JOINT VENTURES Key Dates 1974 LOrà ©al 1981 Galderma (joint venture with LOrà ©al) 1990 Nestle Joint Venture with General Mills (Cereal Partners world wide) 1991 Nestle Joint Venture with Coca Cola (formerly CCNR) Beverage Partners Worldwide 2002 Nestle Joint Venture with Fonterra (Dairy Partners Americas) Competitiveness (www.nestle.com) Nestle, competitive advantages among the competitors are based on four points, For instance, Nestle product and brand portfolio such as Nestle Group is the manufacturer of billions of different products and operates in thousands of value added brand around the world. Furthermore, Nestle unmatched Geographically presence, for instance Nestle spend approx CHF 35 billions in emerging market in every year which is higher than a average growth and profitability, Moreover, Nestle leading RD capabilities, for Instance Company spend approx CHF 2.0 billions on RD for innovations and renovation to increased awareness in local taste and preference. In addition, company international business strategy such as to respect and follows all applicable local, laws, legislation, religious practices and culture aspect. International Business Strategy Nestlà ©s international business strategies are associated with direct foreign investment in food or other dairy business. For instance, operating in the advanced market, Nestlà © policy is to invest direct with the big companies to achieve the economical scale, or, establish strategic alliance with large companies and sights the new markets for business growth. Moreover in less developed market Nestle grow by processing technology or employ the local brand or acquire the local company. For its significant growth in future, Nestle is actively focused on the Developing and Emerging Market (DE) for instance India and China. It is considered that the populations of DE economies will increase by 3300 million by the end of 2050. The Sales in DE economies market is accounted CHF 35,000 millions in percentage 30% of the total sale which has been increased 15.4% over 2007 and company expects to double in the next ten years Nestlà © Corporate Governance The company governance bodies are Board of Directors (Board) Chairman and Corporate Governance Committee (CCGC) Compensation Committee (CC) Nomination committee (NC) Audit Committee (AC) Chairman of the Board Chief Executives Officer (CEO) Executive Board (EB) Board of Directors (Board) According to the company Article of Associations 2009 Article 14 15, Number of Directors and term of office, The Board of Directors shall consist of at least seven members also board shall be elected for three years by the General Meeting. Furthermore each year board will renew by rotation and will establish new order of rotation in the case of increase or decrease of board of director. The board Members are: Chairman Two Voice Chairmen Chief Executive officer (CEO) Members of the Committee Role of the Board and its Committees According to the company Article of Associations 2009 (NO 16), board is responsible for the selection of chairman and voice Chairmen, and its assignment of responsibilities. Furthermore According to the company Article of Associations 2009 (No17 18), article defines the general power of board such as board can conduct business to the extent that is not within the board regulation or general meeting. Moreover board is responsible for, For instance, Management and supervision of the business The appointment and removal of the chairman and Voice chairmen The appointment and removal of committee members The appointment of CEO and members of Executive board (EU) Preparation of Management report also preparation of General Meetings including agenda and proposal. The company long term Strategy Financial operation Establish or close branch office The Chairman and Corporate Governance Committee (CCGC) This committee consists of Chairmen, Two voice chairmen, Chief executive officer and elected member of the board. Furthermore, committee liaises between board and chairman. The board approved power and duties for (CCGC) and particularly (CCGC) acts as a consoler and solve the management issue between chairman and chief executive officer. The Compensation Committee (CC) The Compensation committee is consists of minimum two non executive members of the board and chief executive officer; furthermore CC recommends compensation policy to the board and also proposes the remuneration system and principals for approvals. The Nomination Committee (NC) The Nomination committee is consists of independent and non executive members of the board preferably not the member of (CCGC) committee, furthermore this committee establish principal to select candidate for board of director also prepare proposal for board decision. The Audit Committee (AC) The Audit committee is consists of minimum two non executive members of the board and voice chairmen who control the committee, furthermore majority of the members are independent and at least one member have financial expertise. Moreover the responsibly of AC is to assists the Board to fulfill its responsibilities with respect to financial and accounting reporting process also overview of risk management as well as internal and external audit process also unrestricted approach to the companys record . Chairman of the Board The chairman is responsible to supervise the board (subject to the power of board) and management of the company governance. Chairman responsibilities are, For instance Leads the Board Overall responsibilities for the development of strategies (together with CEO) Appointment and removal of proposal shareholder and executive management To ensure the alignment of boards strategies and board committee To ensure the proper flow of information In coordination with CEO, Responsible to organise and chair the board meeting Responsible to organise and chair the General Meeting Work close to nomination committee (assessment of board of director nomination) Takes a leading role to design the group corporate governance The Chief executive officer The chief executive officer is considered the supreme executive authority for the company and the Groups (subject to the power reserved to the board) the committee and the chairman, furthermore, CEO has following duties and powers, For instance Organise, manage and monitor the business affairs To approve, acquisitions, participations, investment and divestitures In coordination with chairman, submit proposal to the board for the nomination or dismissal To call and chair the meetings of Executive board Report to chairman The vice Chairmen The board shall appoint two independent directors as vice chairmen, responsibilities of vice chairmen are to work close to the chairmen and discuss industrial, strategic marketing, internal control as well as financial issue. Furthermore, one of them should be have financial expertise to ensure the good internal financial control and second should have industrial experience on the global level Code of Business Conduct The Nestlà © Code of Business Conduct are designed to provide a frame of reference against all possible situations that may occur and helps the continued implementation of the Corporate Business Principles Moreover the purpose of the code is to employees should seek guidance when they are in doubt situation, and avoid all those conduct which may damage Nestle reputation. The main points of code of business conduct, For instance Compliance with laws, rules and regulations Conflicts of Interest Outside directorships and other outside activities Families and Relatives Corporate opportunities Insider trading Antitrust and fair dealing Confidential information Fraud, protection of company assets, accounting Bribery and corruption Gifts, meals, entertainment Discrimination and harassment Failure to comply Reporting illegal or non-compliant conduct STRATEGIC APPROCHES FOR REDUCE POLITICAL, OPERATIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE VULNERABILITIES Corporate Business Principles (International) Nestle business objective is to market and manufacture the products such a way to create long term value for business partner, shareholders, consumers, and employees, and also to ensure the highest standard of organisation. Moreover nestle is committed to create the value for all those communities around the world where Nestle market there products. Nestle corporate business principles are based on, for instance, fairness, honesty and sound human values such as, consumer communication principal, human right principal, child labor and environment protection principal, and translated into 40 different languages Therefore, company respect and follows all applicable local, laws and legislation, religious practices and culture aspect. In additions, Nestlà © Management is committed to follow the Business Principles to avoid the administrative and operational Vulnerabilities; therefore management is responsible for, For instance, Manage professional skills, Curiosity and open-mindedness High level of interest in other cultures, Commitment to continuous learning, improving, and sharing knowledge Motivate staff in order to contribute wider group performance Involvement of each employee at all levels (concerned with continuously adding value to company). Consequencely, success of Nestle is a reflection of clear defines responsibilities, reflection of professionalism, responsible attitude of management, well defined objective as well as significant global leadership position. Company Performance (www.nestle.com) 15-Apr-2010 Strong support for Board proposals at Nestlà © AGM Mar-2010 Nestlà © Bets on Mexican Coffee 02-Mar-2010 Nestlà © completes acquisition of Kraft Foods frozen pizza business 05-Jan-2010 Nestlà © to acquire Kraft Foods frozen pizza business 05-Jan-2010 Nestlà © opens global RD Centre 04-Jan-2010 Nestlà © to sell remaining Alcon shares to Novartis. Annual General Meeting On 15-April-2010 The Nestle Annual General Meeting was held in VeVey (Switzerland), the main points of the meeting for instance, the meeting has approved the annual reports and re-elected the Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (chairman), for three year, also other board member such as Steven G. Hoch (Founder and senior partner) and Andrà © Kudelski (Chairman and CEO Kudelski group) and two new board members, Ms Titia de Lange and Mr. Jean-Pierre Roth selected for three years. Furthermore 2,640 shareholders have approved the proposal for increase the dividend to CHF 1.60 per share. Moreover chairman has point out the issue regarding deforestation of rainforest to shareholders and explained Nestle is working towards to the end of deforestation of rainforest. Acquisition of Kraft Foods frozen pizza business On 05-January 2010 Nestle has showed the interest to acquire the Kraft food frozen business in the USA and Canadian market with including brands are such as California Pizza, DiGiorno, Tombstone, Jacks and Delissio for USD 3.7 billion in cash. Furthermore it is considered that USA is the largest pizza market in the world and it generate about USD 37 billion, therefore Paul Bulcke, CEO of Nestlà © said, This acquisition will bring the selection of great US and Canadian brands and also it will enhances Nestlà ©s frozen food activities in North America where Nestlà © only had a minor presence until now. In addition, this acquisition will provide a strong strategic pillar in the US and Canadian Market where company already established a leadership in dishes and hand held products, such as Lean Cuisine, Buitoni, Lean Pockets, Stouffers and Hot Pockets. Consequently, on 01 March 2010 after completion of closing conditions Nestlà © has concluded the acquisition of Kraft Foods frozen pizza. Nestlà © Bets on Mexican Coffee Nestlà © has announced the plans to invest US$ 390 million in Mexican production and infrastructure facilities. The investment will be directed Nescafe instant coffee processing plant to expand the capacity by 40%, which will make it the worlds largest coffee processing plant. Due to the low production cost and vast network of trade, Nestle is planning to build Mexico as a regional export hub in the American zone. Nestlà © opens global RD Centre On 05-Jan-2010 Nestlà © has open a Global RD center in Santiago de Chile. The New RD Center will include the bioactive ingredients to reduce the sugar and fat level in the biscuits without compromising the biscuit quality. Sell of remaining Alcon shares to Novartis On 04 Jan 2010 Nestlà © S.A. has transferred the Alcon remaining 156,076,263 shares representing around 52% of the companys issued and outstanding share to Novartis, accordance with the contract agreed on 6 April 2008. Moreover, the reason for transfer the control are gradually based on three issues for instance, The divestment of Alcon, The initial IPO of 23.25% in 2002 The sale of 24.8% in 2008 And the exercise of the call option by Novartis. Alcon was acquired by Nestlà © in 1977 for USD 280 million Nestle share buy back Programme. Nestle boards of Directors Continues to believe that significant share buy back Programme should help to drive the performance of food and beverage business and enhance the shareholder value, Therefore Nestle Board has announced share buy back Programme on 15 August 2007 for over the next three year subject to market conditions. The objective of this Programme was to improve capital efficiency and future prospects of food and beverage business. The Programme has been divided into two steps such as one of CHF 15 billion and one of CHF 10 billion. Furthermore, due to acquisition of Novartis medical nutrition and Gerber, which has created a critical Mass in Nutrition sales approx CHF 10 Billion? On the contrary the total value of repurchased share from August 2007 to December 2009 is CHF20.1 As a consequence, in 2009 the group has brought back CHF 7 billion which is equal worth of its own shares and the remaining CHF 5 billion in share will be brought back in the course of 2010. After completation of this Programme further group will launch a new CHF 10 billon share back Programme with intent to buy additional CHF 5 billion share before the end of the year. NOTABLE FACTS The worlds largest food and beverage company has been internationally criticized for purchasing and using the palm oil, water bottling issue in USA, child labor problems in cocoa-growing nations and its aggressive marketing of baby food product all over the world. Greenpeace Campaign. (www.greenpeace.org.uk) Greenpeace organisation has started a campaign against Nestle over its purchase of palm oil by an Indonesian company called Sinar Mas.  Greenpeace claims that Sinar Mas getting the palm oil by destroying the rainforest and use in it for candy bars and other products. Considerably, rainforests contributes about 20% of greenhouses gases also support transport sector. Therefore, deforestation of rainforests and the excessive use of bio-fuels are serious environmental issues on the global level. Bottle Water issue (Steel, Emily. 2010, Journal) Nestle is a top water bottling company and selling water under 70 different brands name in the world. Nestle controlled one third bottled water market in America. However, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and coalition of many others environmental and social justice organizations has launched a campaign against Nestle in North America to prevent the new bottle water facility in Cascade Locks Oregon. The reason for this campaign is bottled water facility would lead to the commodification of Oregons and it contributes to the plastic waste problem also it is the waste of prime resources and potential way to destroy the local wildlife. Baby Milk Scandal (www.babymilkaction.org) Nestle has been targeted and criticized by the International baby food action network (IBFAN) for the violation of international code of marketing of breast milk substitutes and also aggressive baby food marketing strategies for selling artificial infant feeding which has the cause of unnecessary death of children. SWOT ANALYSIS (2010. DATAMONITOR) Nestle is the world largest company by sales and strong brand portfolio with manufacturing and marketing the branded food product around the world. Strengths -Strong brand name According to the Inter brand management company, Nestlà © is one of the best-known companies in the world and ranked 63rd best global brands in 2008 and its top 30 brands earn over CHF 1,000 million which is 70% of its sales. Furthermore, For instance Customise products to the local market conditions Strong global operations RD Capabilities Weaknesses -Increasing product recalls history In November 2008, Nestlà © USA recalled the product called Nesquik Strawberry Powder, due to the fearing of small fragments of aluminum. Furthermore, Nestlà © Prepared Foods Co has recalled 900,000 pounds worth of meals the Lean Cuisine brand frozen chicken due to small chunks of blue plastic. Moreover in September 2008, in Hong Kong Company recalled UHT milk due to contain melamine chemical. Opportunities The Nestle is utilising the RD capabilities to achieve the competitiveness in the health and wellness market. For instance, Nestlà © is focusing on nutrition combining taste to reduce the fatty acids, salt and sugar and increase the micro nutrients such as minerals and vitamin for consumer better health and to ensure for the profitable growth. Furthermore, Nestle is working on, Scientific innovations to address obesity and diabetes On developing economies Focus on external Market Currently company generate 50% of food and beverage in North America, India, China, Russia, Brazil and company is expected double of the sale in next ten years. Threats -Issues The company has been internationally criticized for issues and fines for instance Purchase and use of palm oil Water bottling issue in USA, Child labor problems (in cocoa-growing nations) Aggressive marketing of baby food product all over the world -Fines In February 2009 Nestle and Coca Cola Company has been fine in US$ 650,000 against Enviga-Brand green tea beverage products. In February 2010 Nestle has been fine E30 million by Greeces competition watchdog for abusing against its dominant position in the coffee market. -Political and Economical Factor Nestle company is operating in 84 countries in the world with having entire different cultural, political and economical back ground. The concerning issues regarding these countries are, the political stability, the infra structure, the local regulation, the foreign trade which might be potentially affect on Nestle ability to do business with in these countries. Nestle Group sales, profitability and financial position (http://www.nestle.com) Nestlà © Groups sale in 2009 was in at CHF 107.6 billion, with organic growth of 4.1%. Operating profit was in at CHF15.7 billion, and net profit was CHF10.43 billion with organic growth of 4.1 percent. Underlying earnings per share rose from CHF 2.82 to CHF 3.09, which is equal to 9.6% , Food and Beverages sales was in CHF 99.8 billion, with organic growth of 3.9%,, Marketing and administrative expenses rose 33.7% of total sales. Nestle Expand RD capabilities in 10 basis points in developing countries. Reported EBIT margin was 30 basis or 14.6%, with an EBIT of CHF 15.7 billion. The Groups operating cash flow reached by 10.7billion or 67 %, the groups return on invested capital (ROIC) increased 15.6% (including goodwill) and 35.1% (excluding goodwill) and net debt reached CHF 18.1 billion. In 2009 consolidated In millions of CHF As % of Total Sale Sale 107,618 Net profit (b) 10,428 9.7% Operating cash flow 17,934 Capital Expenditure 4,641 4.3% Market capitalisation 174,294 Net Debit 18,085 EBIT (A) Group 15,699 14.6% Free cash flow (c) 12,369 EBIT (a) Food Beverage 13,083 13.1% Equity attributable to shareholders of the parent 48,915 Ratio of the debt to equity (gearing) 37.0% Over all cost of goods sold decreased by 110 basis points Distribution costs fell by 40 basis points Marketing and expenses rose by 110 basis points (equal 33.7% of total sale) Zone Americas: Total Sales was CHF 23.4 billion, with 6.4% organic growth and 2.3% real internal growth. In North America, internal growth accelerated in the, ice cream, pet care, soluble coffee and chocolate in the and slow down in frozen food, Moreover Brazil build the positive momentum and mainly to growth in dairy category also rest of the region has showed the positive improvement in the third quarter. Zone Europe: Total Sales was CHF 16.5 billion, with 0% organic and -1.5% real internal growth, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Iberian region has rise internal growth. The Great Britain region delivered the strong performance, Eastern Europe presented a weaker real internal growth in Czech and Slovak Republics and Russia, positive in e Poland and the Ukraine Zone Africa, Asia and Oceania: Total Sales was CHF 11.7 billion with 3.0 real internal growth and 5.8% organic growth the organic growth was unchanged in Oceania and Japan and the rest of all emerging regions were improved in volumes, although real internal growth in Oceania and Japan was unchanged. Furthermore, China, Philippines, South Asia and Africa has shows the strong real internal growth. Appendices Appendix No 1: Appendix 3 Sale forecast Sale and EBIT Margin by operating segments Sales and EBIT Margin by Products.

Computer Security and Hacking :: Internet Security

Getting Ip's:-- To see the ip all computers you are connected to (web servers, people attempting to hack into your computer). Go to dos (start>run>type command) and run the netstat command. Type netstat /? for details. Type netstat -r at the command prompt to see the ip of all computers you are connected to In MSN (and other programs) when you are chatting to someone everything you type goes through the MSN servers first (they act as a proxy) so you see their ip rather than who you are chatting to. You can get round this by sending them a file as MSN doesn't send file through its proxy. When you type the netstat -r (or -a for a different view) the ip's are under the foreign address table. The ports are separated by a : . Different programs use different ports, so you can work out which ip's are from which program. Connecting to other computers and what ports are:-- Servers send information. Clients retrieve. Simple. Windows comes with a built in program to connect to other computers called telnet. To start Windows telnet Start menu> Run> type Telnet. Click connect> remote system Ports are doors into computers. Hosts are computer names (ip number or a name that is translated into the ip automatically) Different programs open different ports, but they always open the same ports so other computers know which port to connect to. You can get a port list listing all the different ports, but a basic one is: 11 :- Sends info on the computer 21 :- FTP (File transfer program) 23 :- Telnet (Login to the computers command line) 25 :- Smtp (Sends mail) 80 :- Http (Web pages) There are thousands of different programs using different ports. You can get programs called portscanners which check a computer for all ports up to a certain number, looking for ways in. You can portscan a computer looking for ways-in. Anyway, back to telnet. Type www.yahoo.com as the host and port as 80 the click connect. If nothing happens, you're in. Wow. You are connected to Yahoo's server. You can now type http commands (you are connected to an http server, so it supports http commands). Ie. on an ftp server you can type open and it will do something. On an http server it will just wonder what the hell you are on about. Type get / http/1.

Factors Affect Supply and Demand of Acuvue Essay

This report’s focus is on analyzing the factors that affect the supply and demand of the products. There are several variables that can affect the supply and demand of a product, including consumers’ income, prices of substitute products, costs of inputs and so on. The product discussed for this report is Acuvue, I will analysis how the factors affect the supply and demand of Acuvue. Acuvue is Johnson & Johnson’s Vision Care Product. It is one of the most popular eye contact lenses products for nearsighted correction and eye color alteration. Acuvue has a serial of products that depend on different replacement schedule, such as daily disposable, two weeks disposable, colors and so on. All ranges of the lenses of Johnson & Johnson’s are regarded as comfortable, convenient and good eye health product. (Johnson & Johnson, 2008 )1 In 2007, as a leader and pioneer of eye contact lens producer, there was a sales increase by 17. 6% prior to 2006. The annual expense for normal glasses is $200 dollars but the Acuvue daily disposable is about $480. Take China for example, the GDP of 2007 increased 11. 4% (Wiki, 2008)1, people earned more than before. When people’s income increased, those who could not afford to buy the Acuvue in the past can had enough money to afford it. Moreover, as income increased, people tend to replace their contact lenses much more frequently than before, and the demand of Acuvue increased accordingly. Also, nearsighted people may have much higher requirement for their life quality; so, for those who are tired of wearing glasses or who seek convenience by wearing eye contacts may try to change to use eye contact lenses, therefore, demand for the eye contact lenses will increase. Consumer Preferences Consumer preference is a significant factor which affects the demand of the Acuvue. People have different preference for lenses for nearsightedness correction, such as replacement schedule, material (hard/ soft), and safety. Some people prefer Acuvue Daily for its convenience, and it has no daily maintenance like other types of contact; the user can just throw it away after one day. (Bausch & Lomb, 2008) For some people, they prefer soft contact lenses to hard lenses. In addition, many people care about the safety of eye contact lenses, and daily contact lenses are regarded as the safest and healthiest way, so those people may choose the Acuvue Daily, and thus, the demand of the Acuvue increases. On the contrary, people who are afraid of getting keratitis (wiki, 2008)2 by wearing contacts will buy the glass, and then the demand of the Acuvue will decrease. Moreover, if the nearsightedness’ preference is more favorable to Acuvue, which probably means they have more loyalty to the products, so the existing consumers will seldom change to alternatives and more and more people will buy Acuvue. Price of Substitutes The Substitutes of Acuvue eye contact lenses are glasses and surgery. As compared before, wearing glasses is a more economical way to correct nearsightedness, and there will be lower risk of being involved in keratitis(wiki,2008)2 or other eye problems. Moreover, in the recent years, correcting nearsightedness by taking an eye operation became more popular in many countries. The costs for the surgery are high, and the average for getting the LASIK nearsightedness correction surgery is $2105 in 2008. (All about Vision, 2008) If the price of the surgery decreases, there will be more people choosing eye surgery instead of wearing inconvenient glasses or eye contact lenses; so, there will be less demand of Acuvue. Price of Complementary Goods If the complementary goods of Acuvue increase, the price of the Acuvue will increase accordingly. Complementary goods for Acuvue are the solution of the eye contact lenses or drops for eyes. For the past two years, with the rapid economic growth in China, people have more money to purchase eye contact lens, but if the average prices of the solutions increased dramatically, people who could afford to buy the lenses felt burdened to buy the solution. Advertising Promotion Advertising is a way of communication, Johnson & Johnson get more advertising is to try to persuade potential customers and consumer to purchase more Acuvue(wiki, 2008)3. Johnson & Johnson has released a series of advisements and promotions for Acuvue. They provide free trial pairs of eye contact lens for the potential consumers who can just fill a Free Trial Pair Certificate (Vision Care Inc. , 2008) from the Acuvue official website. In addition, when the â€Å"Acuvue 2 colours† entered the mainland China market, they chose an unknown model to perform the advertisement first, and the sales for the Acuvue 2 was unfavourable. However, then the Johnson & Johnson invite Chinese pop singer Angela Zhang for promotion on TV, then, this product became familiar with lots of youth in China, and more and more people known about the Acuvue and bought it. Consumer Expectations Johnson & Johnson is a well known and trusted company by millions of consumers all around the world. It pays much attention to the safety of their products. So consumers are confident with the Acuvue and more and more people buy it. When the AMO Complete Moisture Plus Muti-Purpose Solution (Anapol Schwartz, 2008) was recalled in May, 2007, people were concerned about the eye safety. From that time, people tented to buy less and use less eye contact lens in order to avoid infection. Number of Buyers If there are more and more potential consumers of Acuvue, demand for Acuvue will increase. For recent years, more and more people in the world have access the computer, and they use computers much more frequently and longer than the past. People are more prone to get nearsightedness. From Johnson & Johnson’s research, there are about 3 million new eye contact wearers in the US every year (Vision Care Inc. )2, so the number of potential buyers is increasing for consuming eye contact lenses year by year. In addition, with the development of technology, the material of contact lenses is getting better and safer, so more people will be confident with the eye-contact lenses so more potential buyers will buy the Acuvue, then the demand for buyers will increase. But if there is new technology that can take place of eye contacts lenses, the nearsighted may give up wearing contacts, so the number of potential buyers decrease which indicates the demand of Acuvue will decrease. Variables of Supply Costs of Inputs The world economy was very unstable since last year, and the price of raw materials kept on rising. Fortunately, there is no news about the raw material price fluctuation for eye contact lenses. If the price of storing contact lenses increases, the Acuvue’s producer Johnson & Johnson must find ways to control the production costs. The company may choose to reduce the production volume of the product and wait for producing that good when the price goes down, therefore the supply of Acuvue will decrease. However when the materials for making the eye contact lenses decreases, Johnson & Johnson will have more capacity to produce more eye contact lenses to increase its supply. Number of competitors The more competitors there are, the less the supply. Due to the property of the vision care industry, the requirement for entering this business field is fairly high. For the current market, there are four main producers and other several smaller producers which produce eye contact lenses. Johnson & Johnson is the largest eye contact lens producer in the world, making sales of $2. billion around the world (Johnson & Johnson, 2008) 3. In China, eye contact lens manufactures are increasing in the market, competition became fierce, raw material for making the contact lenses increased, and the market share became dilute, so although sales of Acuvue increase in China very year, the growth is not as large as expected. New Technology As we know Johnson & Johnson Vision Care first introduced the soft disposable eye contact lens for the world (Wiki, 2008), and this revolutionary product helped the Johnson & Johnson opened a new product field and access to expand their market to over 50 countries in the world. If there is new cheaper material for producing Acuvue, Johnson and Johnson will be capable of producing more Acuvue by the same investment as in the past, which means the supply of the Acuvue will increase. However, in the future, with the development in technology, some existing materials for making eye contact lensse may have potential risks for our eyes. When the Johnson & Johnson found that potential risks really do exist, in order to guarantee the product safety, they had to pay more for preventing the risks harmful to contacts wearer, or even reduce the supply of those products. Suppliers Expect that Future Sales Prices In recently years, there is a trend that more and more reports show that wearing daily disposable eye contact lens is much more comfortable, healthier and safer, because daily replacement lenses are healthier than other replacement schedule. With the expectation, the market for the Acuvue Daily disposable has much more potential than other Acuvue disposable lenses, and Johnson & Johnson will decide to produce more Acuvue Daily in according with the potential increase of the demand for Acuvue. Conclusion To sum up, those variables discussed above with the supply and demand of Acuvue finally affect the price of the Acuvue. As we know, the market price is the equivalent of the supply and demand. It is determined by an â€Å"invisible hand’ of both supply and demand. Therefore, it is impossible for those factors discussed before to singly handedly affect the supply and demand, because the market is complex, all those variables together contributed to our market price.

Juvenile Drug Courts essays

Juvenile Drug Courts essays Drug Courts came about as a result of a backlogged court system and a steady, rapidly increasing prison population. Drug courts are a form of diversion that helps the offender through rehabilitation and the community through an increased sense of protection, which serves the best interest of everyone. Drug Courts are community based intermediate sanctions that incorporate treatment principles into the Criminal Justice System and divert drug offenders from traditional punishments of probation and prison. The objective of drug courts programs is to treat the underlying problems of addiction among drug offenders and eliminate participants future drug use and crime (Cresswell, Deschenes, 2001, 259). Drug courts came about as a result of the 1980s war on drugs where all levels of government came together to crack down on an epidemic of crack-cocaine use that had society believing that drugs were the main problem of the criminal justice system (Burdon, Roll, Prendergast, the number of adults arrested for drug-related violations increased 273% between 1980 and 1995, in the same period, the percentage of prisoners in the custody of state correctional authorities for drug offenses increased from 6.4% to 22.7% (Burdon et al. 2001). With this rate of increase in drug offenses going through the courts system, something had to be done to manage the large number of cases that were only related to drugs. In the beginning, drug courts were only used to alleviate the overcrowding in the court system and paid no attention to treating the offender or their drug problem. In 1989, Janet Reno and Timothy Murray began a drug court program in Dade County, Florida that became a prototype for the nation (Listwan, Sch...

Phar-Mor Essays

Phar-Mor Essays Phar-Mor Essay Phar-Mor Essay On the other hand, it may not effect their independence if they like their current Job and could not care less about the other auditors transferring to the client. 1 c) The Serbians-Solely Act of 2002 require current auditors to wait at least one year pass since they were involved in the auditing of a client before they are able to accept an employment offer in certain designated positions. They also require that auditors report any employment offer or intention to seek employment with an audit client, after which they are removed from all engagements until they either reject the offer or are no longer seeking other employment. At which time the accounting firm should determine if any additional measures need to be taken to ensure that reasonable assurance can be given that the work of that specific CPA had been objective and with integrity. Old)No, it is not appropriate for auditors to trust executives of a client. If an auditor trusts the executives of a client, the auditors independence is compromised. Auditors are supposed to look for fraud, errors, and problems; they are to expect them until they can prove that there is a reason not to. If they trust them, they will not expect or be cooking for fraud or errors, they will assume that everything is correct because of their trust. AAA) b) AAA) Yes, I would pursue legal action against the auditor in this situation. The basis of my claim would be similar to those that filed against Coopers, that the auditors were reckless and provided misleading statements causing so many investors to invest when they probably wouldnt have if everything would have been appropriately stated. I would bring suit under The Federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Section BOB and Section 18. B) For the CPA, negligence is failure to perform a duty in accordance with applicable standards. For practical purposes, negligence may be viewed as failure to exercise due professional care. c) Fraud is misrepresenting a material fact that is known by the person misrepresenting it, where negligence may also be misrepresenting a fact but it is not known to the person misrepresenting it. So, the primary di fference is that fraud is done on purpose and negligence is not. AAA) When a third party is not a primary beneficiary or they are unidentified, auditors can still be held liable if they committed fraud or gross negligence. They cannot be held liable for ordinary negligence like they can for a primary beneficiary that is specifically identified as a user of the report and their client. B) Even though the third party had not specifically identified to the Caps, they were still aware that the financial statements were going to be used to obtain financing from third parties. It made them liable for more than Just their client and third parties that were known because they were able to foresee other third parties being involved 05) The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 are very similar but they have large differences as well. Under the 1933 Act plaintiffs do not need to prove that they relied on the audited financial statements, only that they suffered a loss and that the statements were misleading. However, under the 1934 Act the plaintiffs do need to prove that they relied on the financial statements in their decisions. Another major difference is that under the 1933 Act the auditors need to prove that they acted with due diligence, where under the 1934 Section 18 Act they need to only prove that they acted in good faith. Under Section 10 in the 1934 Act plaintiffs must prove that there was a sciences as well. The 1934 Act gives a little leeway to Auditors when compared to the 1933 Act. With the third party (plaintiff needing to prove that they relied on the financial statements and that there was a sciences, it is more difficult for them to easily win the case. Along with it being easier for auditor to prove that they acted in good faith rather than they acted with due diligence. AAA) I am not positive how high-profile these companies were in their accounting scandal, but the two I found are Bristol-Myers Squibb Company and Crazy Eddies Electronics. In the Bristol-Myers scandal, the insane chief and the man who ran the worldwide medicines group misled investors by concealing the extra inventory held by the companys wholesalers from 1999 to 2001. This resulted in inflated revenues of millions of dollars. Similarly, Crazy Eddies Electronics also committed inventory fraud by exaggerating the numbers by millions of dollars for several years before being caught. B) Auditors are not able to audit the entire inventory at every store of a company. They select smaller portions at a select number of stores. Also, if a company has someone who used to be an auditor, specially the auditor for your company, you are given an insight to what auditors look for and what/how to hide it from them. It also helps to have so many people involved in the scheme; different people from different levels of management and non-management. Par-Moor took advantage of the fact that the auditor was trying to cut the costs of the audit and would not be able to audit the entire inventory. They also had hired their former auditor in their financial department who helped cover up the fraud and misstatements. Par-Moor knew what to expect from the auditors and planned ahead accordingly. C) Doing test counts on larger samples from more stores will give a better insight to the accuracy of the inventories. Also, the auditors do not need to let the management know ahead of time or during the audit which samples they tested, that only makes it easier for them misstate the rest of the inventory and know which ones to expect to be audited next time. Also, they should never make a pattern in the samples that they count, it should never be detectable. And as always, be skeptical of everything you count, never trust the company or management.

Bringing organizational change and leadership to Ford Motor Company Research Paper

Bringing organizational change and leadership to Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example Leadership and the communication processes that are executed within the provided organizational environment have been proved by numerous evidences to be quite effective in determining the growth prospect of the organization. As stated by Quirke (2008), internal communication implemented in the working culture of an organization can work miracles when accumulated with effective leadership to turn strategies into actions (Quirke, 2008). Consequently, the aspect of leadership also plays a significant role in influencing the appropriateness and efficacy of the strategies adapted with due consideration to the internal communication. Therefore, both the aspects, i.e. leadership and communication can be stated as equally crucial in the modern perspective of business. In order to elaborate on the fact and identify the affectivity of these two most crucial aspects of modern business management, the paper shall emphasize on the organizational changes and leadership styles implied by Ford Motor s. It is worth mentioning that along with several other companies and its nearest and traditional competitors, i.e. GM and Chrysler, Ford Motors also had to fight against the recent global recession. In the year 2008, the company’s status was mounted with loads of debts and down-falling sales. This global stress faced by the auto industry led the company to refurbish its balance sheets through fresh strategies and a new outlook by 2010. This amendment included the appointing of a new CEO, Mr. Alan Mulally under whose supervision the company has to follow a comprehensive organizational change in the due course of its operations (The New York Times, 2011). The example of Ford Motors and its operations have laid remarkable evidence in re-defining the impact of efficient leadership and effective communication within the organizational hierarchy. In this milieu, the paper shall object to discuss the various aspects of leadership and communication methods implied in the realistic p ractices of the company. Another aim of the paper is to identify the problems related to the organization and intend to conclude certain relevant strategic measures to be beneficial for the company in its further performance. Company Overview Today, Ford Motors is recognized as one of the leading automobile companies in the international market with its origination in 1903. The company is a US based multinational company incorporated with designing, manufacturing, assembling and marketing its products to a wide range of customer all around the world. The company until 2010 had more than 90 plants operating worldwide. It presently employs almost 198,000 employees (Ford Motor Company, 2009). Since 1994 the company acquired the second position in the global automobile industry. It was in the year 1999 when the company earned its record profit amounted to $7.2 billion, which was followed by the purchase of Volvo as an investment strategy in the European market. In the following year the company purchased another brand, Land Rover and incorporated a new plant named Premier Automotive Group. This expansion strategy was expected by the company’s officials to be quite beneficial in achieving extra amount of profits through rejuvenated sales worldwide. But in its realistic practices, the company faced a gradual fall both in terms of sustainability and sales. For instance, the company was facing disputes among its workers in various plants. One of its major competitors Toyota had surpassed the company in terms of annual sales in 2006 (The New York Times, 2011). It is notable that a major reason which increased the chances for such occurrences was strategic announcement made by the company to shed more than 14,000 salaried and 30,000

Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics Case Study - Essay Example Jerry’s training within the medical field surrounds him to not be in a position from where he can prescribe anyone a medicine. This makes him disqualified to resolve an issue at hand, which in this case has happened when Dr. Williams was not present on his seat. There is a possibility that Dr. Williams has essentially forbidden dosage of Valium to a certain patient, and in this case if Jerry McCall prescribes usage of Valium just on the basis of being Dr. Williams’ friend, then this shall become an ethical issue all the same. Hence it would be fitting enough for Jerry McCall to keep himself at a distance from making that unethical move by prescribing medicine to this patient which basically transgresses his authority by quite a fair proportion. 2 Would it make a difference if the medication requested were for control of high blood pressure that the patient critically needs on a daily basis? Why or why not? One should believe that it would not be any different if the req uested medication controls high blood pressure. There would be no difference if the discussion centered on lowering it all the same. The reason for this is that the kind of medication required to be given by Jerry McCall or any other person in charge is uncalled for. He should seek the advice of Dr. Williams and since he is not present on his seat, it would be a wise decision to stay put and ask Dr. Williams’ friend to wait for a certain while. Dr. Williams alone would be the best person to suggest which medicine and how much dosage would be deemed as a fitting one for his friend under such a circumstance. The patient must know that Dr. Williams only can help him and no one else from his staff has the right or the authority to issue a refill order. 3 If Jerry calls in the refill and the patient has an adverse reaction while flying, is Jerry protected from a lawsuit under the doctrine of respondent superior? It is safe to suggest that Jerry McCall would not gain any protection from a lawsuit. This is because under the basis of the doctrine of respondent superior, if the patient feels that he has had an adverse reaction even though he is flying; there are serious legal issues which will come to the fore. There would be serious charges for Jerry McCall as he will be the one who brought about the medication realms towards the patient. Essentially speaking, it will also make Dr. Williams duty bound and thus he would also have to undergo the lawsuit as Jerry is his employee. Since the medication was never appreciated in the first place and was totally uncalled for, the role that Jerry plays under such a situation becomes even more significant. The reason for this is that he was never given the permission to provide for medication to patients as he does not qualify for any post within Dr. Williams’ office. One must not forget that he is an office assistant, and thus his job domains do not allow him to administer issuing a refill order for patients as an d when required by the patients. Hence, the lawsuit would come about on Jerry McCall as well as Dr. Williams for being negligent towards their duties and for being unethical within their working basis (Weber, 2000). 4 What is your advice to Jerry? If someone could give an advice to Jerry, it would be that he should perform his job alone and not think about doing something which can be regarded as an immoral act. He must not interfere within the working basis of his employer – Dr. Williams. If he does so, he will be able to maintain