Human Relations Perspective Matrix (Evolution of Management Class) Essay

Human Relations Perspective Matrix (Evolution of Management Class) - Essay Example 3. Thirdly, according to human relation perspective, in order to achieve the better results, the organization has to build a certain environment where employees are encouraged to fulfill their needs. The organization must allow its employees to interact with each other in order to build a social relationship with each other. 4. Fourthly, the organization must not treat its employees as machines because machines have no emotions. Pugh and Hickson (2007) inform that the organization must connect to its employees emotionally and must satisfy the needs of employees, through which organization can boost its production. 1. Mary Parker Follett has a major contribution regarding human relation perspective. According to Mary Parker, group working and individual working are quite different and the relationships that are developed between individuals working in a group are more significant and put some combined inspiration on the group members. Mary Parker Follett can be regarded as the founder of human relations perspective. According to the theorist, the difference between the opinions of two persons plays a major role in the growth of an organization. She stressed that an organization must be organized in a communal manner where people have a difference in their opinions. 2. George Elton Mayo described in his presented theory that the performance of the employees can be increased by recognizing their work and providing them with better security. He further states that the performance is less affected by the physical environment. 1. Human relations perspective highlights that for accomplishing the objectives of an organization, its significance should be identified along with comprehending the sentimental and communal requirements of the employees of the organization. Without giving importance to employees and their requirements, successful organizational performance is not possible. 2.

Calvetta Essay Example for Free

Calvetta Essay 4. How, if at all, should Calveta’s organization structure and practices be changed to accommodate growth and effective communication, while maintaining the company’s culture? This is a very sticky issue. Growth, along with other factors, seems to have diminishing effects on company culture, popularly referred to as â€Å"Antonio’s way†. Two forms of growth present themselves to the company. They can either expand into the hospital segment (which falls in line with core competencies); or they could buy up GSD consequently growing their SLF customer base. Given the issues listed, I don’t believe purchasing GSD would be profitable, as debt financing would have to be undertaken thus, going against Antonio’s way. However, Frank believes they must grow in order to stay competitive within the industry so the former opportunity should be undertaken. The turnover, and promotion rate for Calveta is too rapid. It’s one of the major issues dissatisfied customers had with the SLF. Frank should consider slowing this down, and perhaps placing new staff members in proper training programs administered by current staff to ensure smooth staff changes. Whilst flexibility and ease of advancement may make the employees happier, the customers will suffer from the constant interrupted changes. Calveta should maintain a degree of normalcy in the workplace, and make it harder to advance (could have positive affects on employees motivation). Another structural issue is the current staff organization. If Frank is worried about the loss of emphasis on his father’s ideals he must communicate this effectively with the staff. Discussion groups, incentive packages, and achievable goals should be established for all staff members, especially new ones, so that company culture is maintained and reinforced. If Calveta are to grow, they will need a larger amount of regional employees. This will most likely lead to the hiring of persons outside of the company. Calveta need not hire them right out of college though. They may obtain them from similar companies with similar values and ideals. As GSD is about to be taken over, perhaps the better staff members may wish to come to Calveta  instead of staying on with a new owner. To ensure continuation of company culture pointed questions in the interview and recruitment process pertaining to it should be asked. Similarly, constant feedback for current employees would reinforce challenge 4, of Antonio’s way.

Material Selection For Drive Shaft Engineering Essay

Material Selection For Drive Shaft Engineering Essay The drive shaft is a rod or tube used to carry rotational force from the engine to the four bladed fans to provide sufficient airflow to reduce the temperature of the pump and the generator to a sufficient level when they both are working at maximum output and operating in an ambient temperature of up to 50 °C. In this selection of the three different materials, there are compared based on different properties to choose the suitable material to be used for the drive shaft. http://media.noria.com/sites/archive_images/articles_200711_Case_-Study-Figure5.gif Figure 1- Fan and motor assembly with belt drive 3.1 Aluminium Alloy 3.1.1 Introduction Aluminum Alloy is a medium to high strength heat treated alloy with higher strength than 6005A. It is commonly used for heavy-duty structure in the railway coach, truck frames, shipbuilding, and bridges the military, aerospace applications including helicopter rotor shell, tubes, pylons and towers, transportation, boiler making, motorboats and rivets [1]. 3.1.2 Grade 6061-T6 It has very good corrosion resistance and excellent weld ability although reduced strength in the weld zone. It has medium fatigue strength. It has good cold formability in temper T4, but limited in temper T6. Not suitable for very complex cross parts. T6- Solution heat treated and artificially aged Supplied forms- Extrusions Light weight very good corrosion resistance British/ ISO Standard AA 6061-T6 Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) 310 Shear Strength (MPa) 190 Proof Stress (MPa) 270 Elongation over 50mm (%) 12 Hardness Vickers (HV) 100 Density (kg/m ³) 2700 Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) 166 Melting Point (  °C ) 650 Electrical Resistivity (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.m) 0.040 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ Table 1- Property for Aluminium Alloy Grade 6061-T6 3.2 Stainless Steel 3.2.1 Introduction Stainless steel is also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Stainless steel 304 is the most versatile and widely used. Type 304 stainless steel are austenitic grades can be severely deep drawn. This property has led 304 became the dominant grade used in applications such as sink and cook. 3.2.2 Grade 304 Type 304 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be severely deep drawn. This property has resulted in 304 being the dominant grade used in applications like sinks and saucepans and has excellent corrosion resistance in many environments and when in contact with different corrosive media. Pitting and crevice corrosion can occur in environments containing chloride. Pressure corrosion cracking can occur above 60 °C. Good machinability Supplied forms- Strip bar Excellent corrosion resistance British/ ISO Standard BS 970 Grade 304 Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) 520 to 720 Compressive Strength (MPa) 210 Proof Stress (MPa) 210 Elongation over 50mm (%) 45 Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 193 Density (kg/m ³) 7780 Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) 16.2 Melting Point (  °C ) 1450 Electrical Resistivity (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.m) 0.072 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ Table 2- Property for Stainless steel Grade 304 3.3 Carbon steel 3.3.1 Introduction Steel is a metal alloy consisting mainly of iron and contains 0.2 to 2.1 percent carbon. All steel contains carbon, but the term carbon steel applies specifically to steel containing carbon as the main alloying constituents. Medium carbon steel is carbon steel that contains between 0.30 and 0.60 percent carbon. It also has a manganese content of between 0.6 and 1.65 percent. This type of steel provides a good balance between strength and ductility, and it is common in many kinds of steel parts [5]. 3.3.2 Grade 080M30 It can provide a better combination of toughness, strength and hardness. It also provides a counterbalance weight during for low-oscillation rotary process. Despite its relatively limited corrosion resistance, carbon steel is used in large tonnages in marine applications, fossil fuel power and nuclear power plants, transportation, chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, pipelines, mining, construction and metal-processing equipment[6]. Material cost economy Supplied forms- Strip bar Limited corrosion resistance British/ ISO Standard BS970 080M30 Tensile Yield Strength (Mpa) 550 Ultimate Tensile Strength (Mpa) 930 Elongation over 50mm (%) 16% Hardness (HB) 269 Density (kg/m3) 7820 Youngs Modulus (Gpa) 205 Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) 46.6 Specific Heat Capacity (J/g- °C) 0.475 Electrical Resistivity (nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦-m) 234 Table 3- Property for Medium Carbon Steel Grade 080M30 3.4 Final selection of material based on design and material specification British/ ISO Standard Aluminium Alloy AA 6061-T6 Stainless steel BS 970 Grade 304 Carbon steel BS970 080M30 Tensile Yield Strength (MPa) 310 520 to 720 550 Elongation over 50mm (%) 12 45 16 Density (kg/m3) 2700 7780 7820 Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) 166 16.2 46.6 Electrical Resistivity (nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦-m) 0.040 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ 0.072 x 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ¶ 234 Price per tonne (USD) 2220 4450 740 Table 5- Comparison between three selected materials For this drive shaft, Aluminium Alloy is chosen. The reason material Aluminium Alloy is production by extrusion, has good mechanical properties and exhibits good weldability. Aluminium alloys are widely used in engineering components where light weight and very good corrosion resistance. A low torsion was needed for the design of drive shaft, the tensile yield strength of the Aluminium Alloy 310 MPa was enough for the requirement. The Aluminium Alloy cost USD2220 per tonne which was lower than Stainless Steel which cost USD4450 per tonne. Aluminium alloy surfaces will keep their apparent shine in a dry environment due to the formation of a clear, protective layer of aluminium oxide. In a wet environment, galvanic corrosion can occur when an aliminium alloy is placed in electrical contact with other metals with more negative corrosion potentials than aluminium[7]. Element % Present Carbon (C) 0.0 0.07 Chromium (Cr) 17.50 19.50 Manganese (Mn) 0.0 2.00 Silicon (Si) 0.0 1.00 Phosphorous (P) 0.0 0.05 Sulphur (S) 0.0 0.02 Nickel (Ni) 8.00 10.50 Iron (Fe) Balance Table 6- Chemical composition for Aluminium alloy

Critique of Robert Frost Essay examples -- essays research papers

Marion Montgomery, â€Å"Robert Frost and His Use of Barriers: Man vs. Nature Toward God,† Englewood Cliffs, NJ; Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962. Reprinted by permission of The South Atlantic Quarterly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Frost is considered by the casual reader to be a poet of nature like that of a Wordsworth. In a sense, his poetry is about nature, yet with strong underlying tones of the drama of man in nature. Frost himself stated, â€Å"I guess I’m not a nature poet,† â€Å" I have only written two without a human being in them (138).† Marion Montgomery’s critical essay plays with the epitaph that Frost proposes for himself in The Lesson for Today: â€Å"I have a lovers quarrel with the world.† Montgomery says, that the lovers quarrel is Frost’s poetic subject, and states, â€Å"throughout his poetry there is evidence of this view of mans’ existence in the natural world (138). The essay examines how Frost’s attitude toward nature is one with armed and amicable truce and mutual respect interwoven with boundaries of the two principles, individual man and the forces of the world. But the boundaries are insisted upon. The critical essay examines how Frost’s direct addresses of nature are often how man is essentially different from objects and features of nature. Montgomery insists, â€Å"†¦his trees and animals, though he speaks to them, do no take on grave countenances (140).† The jest of Montgomery’s ideal is when Frost speaks directly to or directly of natural objects or creatures, â€Å"that ...

The Common Problems Associated With Dams Environmental Sciences Essay

A Dam is a physical barrier constructed across a river or a waterway to command the flow of or raise the degree of H2O. The intent of such a building may be flood control, irrigation demands and coevals of hydroelectricity. A dike is a barrier across fluxing H2O that obstructs, directs or slows down the flow, frequently making a reservoir, lake or impoundings. Most dikes have a subdivision called a wasteweir or weir over which, or through which, H2O flows, either intermittently or continuously, and many have hydroelectric power coevals systems installed. The dikes are advantageous in more than a individual manner. Advantages of a dike are listed below: They are helpful in forestalling inundations. They serve as a solution to energy crises by bring forthing hydroelectricity. They prove to be helpful in irrigation They better the H2O conveyance. And last but non the least they attract tourers. Dams are excessively good for world but at the same clip they are harmful excessively in several ways. Disadvantages of a dike are listed below: Constructing a dike is an expensive matter. For constructing a dike a immense population of nearby country is moved. The life environment of aquatic and semi aquatic vegetations and fauna gets disturbed in lower instance. Collapse of the dike causes great harm. Fig 1 Dam [ www.timboucher.com ] Now in this paper we will be sing and detecting the chief causes of Dam Failure along with instance survey for every cause. Main causes of Dam Failure are: Spillway planing mistake. Skiding of mountain into the dam lake. Poor care particularly of outlet pipes. We will be discoursing all of the above mentioned causes one by one. Besides all the above causes there is one more ground due to which dikes are collapsed. In proficient footings it is called Deliberate Dam Failure. This happens during the class of War. When force of one state destroys the dike of other state intentionally so this is known as Deliberate Dam Failure. As this cause is nat a common cause so we would non see this in our survey. SPILLWAY DESIGN ERROR Spillway ( shown in Fig 2 ) is a characteristic construction of a dike which is used to supply controlled release of flows of H2O from the dike into the downstream. Spillways release inundations so that the H2O does non dominate and damage or even destruct the dike. There are two ways of wasteweirs: Controlled and Uncontrolled. Controlled Spillway: It has Gatess which regulate the H2O. This design gives us an chance to work the full tallness of the dike and inundation Waterss can be released as required by opening one or more Gatess. Uncontrolled Spillway: It does non hold Gatess, when the H2O rises above the lip of the wasteweir it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge of H2O is controlled merely by the deepness of H2O within the reservoir. All of the storage volume in the reservoir above the wasteweir lip can be used merely for the impermanent storage of floodwater, and can non be used as H2O supply storage because it is usually empty. Fig 2 Spillway [ www.wikipedia.com ] CASE STUDY: The South Fork Dam As a instance survey under this cause of Dam Failure we will analyze the destruction of South Fork Dam which was located on Lake Conemaugh, an unreal H2O organic structure located near South Park, Pennsylvania, USA. On May 31, 1889, the South Fork Dam failed and 20 million dozenss of H2O from Lake Conemaugh explosion through and raced 14 stat mis ( 23 kilometer ) downstream, doing the Johnstown Flood. History of South Fork Dam The South Fork Dam was built by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania between 1838 and 1852 as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. The dike is located 14 stat mis upriver from Johnstown. The Comenaugh River runs through the bosom of Johnstown and it had been made narrower in order to construct more constructions on it Bankss. The river was susceptible to deluging due to it & amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s location on a inundation field. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sold the dike to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1857. With the reaching of rail service in 1852, the usage of the canal for bringing of goods took a downswing. The South Fork Dam was abandoned and allowed to travel into a province of disrepair. In 1862, portion of the culvert gave manner but was ne'er repaired. In 1879, a group of business communities formed a company and called it the South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club. They purchased the dike with the purpose of constructing a summer resort on Lake Comenaugh for aff luent Pittsburg households. Plans included take downing the dike in order to construct a route on top and raising the degree of the lake. The nine continued to do changes to the dike and in the terminal, the lake was 450 pess higher than Johnstown. [ suit101.com ] From the above abstract we can easy do out that the sick care of the wasteweir and rise of the degree of river made the status worse and eventually the uninterrupted rain made the Dam collapsed. After the Dam gave up about approximately 20 million dozenss of H2O spilled over the dike and Jhonstown was hit without any anterior warning. The H2O headed towards the town with a velocity of about 40 stat mis per hr. The inundation played mayhem and made over 2,200 people lose their lives and all over harm was estimated to be $ 17 million. This was the first major catastrophe faced by the newly-formed American Red Cross. Aid came from 18 states across the Earth. The South Fork Dam Break is shown Below [ Fig 3 ] Beside the Spillway failure there are other causes which are responsible for the Disaster and they are: Heavy and uninterrupted Rainfall. Rising H2O caused eroding of new embankment which was made up of clay and straw. Fig 3 South Fork Dam Break [ www.accuweather.com ] Precautions which could hold saved South Fork Dam: The chief cause of the interruption was Spillway design mistake. There were deficient wasteweirs which made the tremendous sum of H2O to slop. If there had been more spillways so the catastrophe would hold been avoided. The damaged parts of the dike should hold been repaired. The new parts should hold been made up of concrete alternatively of rock, clay and straw. SLIDING OF MOUNTAIN INTO THE DAM LAKE A dike is made at the base of a river and in between a vale which means that the lake or H2O organic structure which is dammed has mountains on both side of it. Now as a dike is made the natural geological balance is disturbed and these mountains get loosen up and develops clefts which causes landslides to happen. These landslides pose a great menace when they fall in the lake. If a landslide of great volume falls in the lake so it raises the H2O degree to a great extent and that excessively all of a sudden. This sudden rise makes a immense sum of H2O to slop over the dike doing tsunami ( seiche moving ridge ) . This moving ridge brings a monolithic inundation and devastation to the vale below which wipes a great country. CASE STUDY: The Vajont Dam As a instance survey under this cause of Dam Failure we will analyze the destruction of Vajont Dam [ shown in Fig 4 ] which was located on Vajont River under Monte Toc, 100 kilometers north to the Venice, Italy. It was responsible for the deceases of about 2,000 people in a 1963 landslide. One of the highest dike in the universe, it was 262 metres ( 860 foot ) high, 27 metres ( 89 foot ) midst at the base and 3.4 metres ( 11 foot ) at the top. The dike was built by SADE ( Society of Adriatic Energy Corporation ) , the electricity supply and distribution monopolizer in North-Eastern Italy. History of Vajont Dam: The building work of the dike started in 1950. In 1959 some slides were noticed and new surveies were made and the experts told SADE that the side of Mount Toc is unstable and is likely to fall in if the filling is continued. The survey and experts were ignored wholly. In October 1959 the building was complete and in February 1960 SADE was authorized to get down make fulling the basin. Equally shortly as the filling started and reached to certain degree boulder clay summers of 1960 minor land slides started taking topographic point. But even these slides were ignored and the few journalists who raised their voice were sued. Finally on 4 of November 1960 a landslide of about 800,000 three-dimensional metres collapsed in the lake. This made SADE to hold make fulling but it was started once more after take downing the degree by 50 metres and get down constructing an unreal gallery. The minor slides kept on taking topographic point and functionaries of SADE kept on foretelling the catast rophe but they were ignored. On 9 October 1963 at about 10:35pm, the combination of ‘drawing-down the reservoir ‘ and heavy rains triggered a landslide of about 260 million three-dimensional metres of forest, Earth, and stone, which fell into the reservoir at up to 110 & A ; Acirc ; km per hr ( 68 & A ; Acirc ; miles per hour ) . The ensuing supplanting of H2O caused 50 million three-dimensional metres of H2O to over-top the dike in a 250-metre high moving ridge. [ 6 ] Despite this, the dike ‘s construction was mostly undamaged. Approximately 1900 to 2500 people were dead and 350 households were wholly wiped off. The major causes of this catastrophe are: The heavy 50 million three-dimensional metre landslide into the lake which made the tsunami moving ridge rose. The other minor land slides in the lake and in the unreal gallery. Heavy rainfall which paved the way for the catastrophe. Major causes for the land slides are: Perturbation in the geological balance of Mount Toc. Continuous filling of the basin. Time to clip rainfall. Fig 4 Vajont Dam [ wikipedia.com ] Precautions which could hold saved South Fork Dam: If anyhow the land slide could be prevented so the catastrophe might hold been avoided. The landslide can be prevented by following two methods: Plantation: More and more workss on the offshore side of the mountain. The roots of the workss help in adhering the stones and dirt together and prevent eroding therefore land skiding. Terrace plantation is a good option. By unreal mountain binding: In this procedure the mountain is bound with the aid steel cyberspace which prevent slides and even if land slide, the net prevent it from falling.POOR MAINTENANCE ESPECIALLY OF OUTLET PIPESMercantile establishments came in scope of designs, sizes, stuffs and type of control. Most of the commanding mechanisms and conduits are normally submerged and are reasonably boring to entree for care every bit good as review. This is the ground of carelessness and some serious jobs start developing. The job can run from the control works going inoperable to the conduit deteriorating to the point of embankment failure. Proper review of the mercantile establishment normally requires advanced planning to let escapes to be shut off and afloat countries to be pumped out. CASE STUDY: Lawn Lake Dam Now as a instance survey under this subdivision we will do a thorough survey of Lawn Lake Dam [ Fig 5 ] . This dam failure occurred due to the disrepair of the mercantile establishment pipe which was located at the distant and boring location. The uninterrupted carelessness of remotely situated leaky pipes caused the catastrophe when on July 15, 1982 at 6 ante meridiem 830,000 M3 of H2O exploded out of the faulty pipes. This tremendous sum of H2O caused a brassy inundation and priced $ 31 million. History of Lawn Lake Dam: Originally the Lawn Lake was a natural lake covering a surface country of over 66,000 M3s. It was situated at a tallness of 3,400 m in the bouldery mountain. In 1903 some husbandmans seeking irrigation installations out of this lake, built a dike and the covering land of the lake increased to 190,000m3. It was started in 1902 and the dike was completed in 1903. The dike increased the storage capacity of this natural H2O organic structure. This dike was built in the eastern portion. The H2O from this dike was released through the steep channel into the Big Thompson River. As the dike was built in the bouldery mountain, its design was such that it made the location of mercantile establishment pipe quit remote. Bearing the carelessness of functionaries the dike survived 80 long old ages. On the forenoon of 15 July 1982 the dike collapsed let go ofing 228 million gallons of H2O all of a sudden. This immense sum of H2O poured through the steep and narrow versant. It is said that there was enormous sound and the Earth shook. The release rate of H2O was 510 m3/s. Though this great aquatic violent disorder killed merely one individual bivouacing aboard but economically the cost of this catastrophe was estimated to be $ 31 million. The H2O got poured in the river and hit the cascade dike ensuing in ruin of the same adding more sum of H2O to the inundation. This inundation destroyed the Aspenglen campsite. Then after the inundation H2O entered the town of Estes Park and caused great harm to the business district stores after which the inundation joined Thompson River. This inundation deposited an alluvial fan of dust in Horseshoe Park. Fig 5 Alluvial Fan [ wikipedia.com ] Precautions that could hold saved the Lake Lawn Dam: Merely two safeguards would hold saved the black terminal of Lake Lawn Dam and they are If the dike would hold been design in such a manner that the mercantile establishment pipes could hold been easy accessed so the fix work won & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t have been delayed and the escape could hold been avoided. Seasonably mending work of the dike would hold saved this great harm.

Things Fall Apart (Janie essays

Things Fall Apart (Janie essays Janie saw her life like a great tree in leaf with the things suffered, things enjoyed, things done and undone. Dawn and doom was in the branches." Throughout the life of Zora Neale Hurston, she has accomplished all that a woman in her time could achieve. She has been a best selling author, and she has set an inspiration for women of all ages today. From the 1930s to the 1960s, she published seven books, many short stories, magazine articles, and plays and was known as an outstanding folklorist and novelist as well as being the most prolific black woman in America. She lived through a time of poverty and rough times for black people but she didnt see anything wrong with being black. She felt that her blackness was so special that others could benefit just from being around her. Her works were seen as manifestos of womanhood and shared positive aspects of black life. In her most famous story, Their Eyes Where Watching God, she depicts Janie Crawford, a 40+ year old woman who tells her life to her friend Phoebe Watson. In Their Eyes Where Watching God, Janie is trying to find love but she does not know the correct places to loo k for love. Her first two attempts at love, one that was forced and the other that was not equal at the start, but finally third time is a charm as she love. Zora Neale Hurston life serves much purpose in the story and by reading Their Eyes Where Watching God, the reader will not only enjoy the story of a woman life from the other side of the horizon but also some personal information about the author. (Their Eyes Were Watching God, University of Illinois Press, 1937) In my report I will explain why Zora Neale Hurston is an inspiration and serves as a model for Janie and debate on the many similarities and difficulties between Janie Crawford and Zora Neale Hurston in Their Eyes Where Watching God. Before Zora Neale Hurston started to write, she was born on a small farm in Eatonvil...

Overview Essays

Overview Essays Overview Essay Overview Essay Organizations which adopt technological innovations in order to capitalize on their core competencies are called high-technology organizations (cited in Laudon Traver, 2007). Strategic management of high-technology organizations involves a constant process of managing change because the need is one of implementing a continuous improvement program by automating existing business processes. As a result high-technology organizations go through a constant process of business process reengineering. Existing business processes are reengineered to capitalize on technological innovations. Embedding technological innovations into existing business processes is not an easy task because the need is one of ensuring strategic alignment between business strategies and technology strategies. There is no doubt that technological innovations can save costs by streamlining the different business processes. However there are challenges to implementing these technological innovations and that is why, w hen it comes to managing high technology organizations, there is a critical need for the management to create an organizational culture which values strategic change.Case briefThe issue of the case is GE’s migration to the technological innovation of conducting business operations online. The case highlights Welch’s leadership as the critical factor in GE’s transformation as a high-technology organization. When Welch became CEO, he immediately set out to change the organizational culture of the company by streamlining and redefining its processes, by developing the people and by renewing its strategies. Nearing retirement, he was still a stranger to the business potential of the Internet until he saw the light while on vacation. Upon returning he immediately launched the e-business initiative. GE Plastics had already started an e-business initiative on its own. However Welch’s initiative speeded up the transition. GE Plastics served as an example for the other business units. Dissemination of information in the company was facilitated by a regular series of meetings and discussion forums round the year. Transferable best practices were researched and applied and through this process GE evolved from selling online to buying online to conducting its internal operations online. GE Plastics was the success story as it targeted conducting 90% of its transactions online. However, given the massive size of GE at the time it was implementing the e-business initiative, managing change was a complex task. The case illustrates the organizational culture that was GE’s number one enabling capability in managing the structural change of migrating to Internet-age competitiveness.GE’s capabilitiesCapabilities are the basis on which an organization builds its competitive advantage and in this respect one of the most important capabilities at GE was its environment which promoted a continuous process of strategic change. Capabilities lo se their value if they are reproducible by competitors. Therefore business organizations strive to develop core competencies which make its operations unique in terms of efficient and effective resource allocation. The challenge for the management in this respect is to develop the kind of core competencies which competitors cannot copy. This was the area in which GE had one of its most important capabilities: the area of organizational culture. One of the most important cultural characteristics at GE was the spirit of innovation. The management and the employees at GE were always collecting information on the existing business processes and disseminating it throughout the organization so that best practices could be identified and embedded in all business processes. The competitive advantage that resulted from this process of structural transformation was sustainable because competitors could not possibly replicate the cultural mindset that made the continuous improvement process wo rk at GE. If GE’s capabilities had included a collection of automated business functions, then the resultant competitive advantage would not be sustainable because competitors would soon automate their business functions as well. But since GE’s capabilities were based upon software, people and their intellectual capital which took years to develop, and not hardware, its competitive advantage was sustainable. The spirit of learning and growth that characterized the organizational culture at GE was the bedrock on which was built its other capabilities, such as customer-oriented business processes and the forward-looking performance measurement system. These capabilities built a sustainable competitive advantage by capitalizing on an organizational culture of boundaryless information transfer which in turn facilitated transfer of best practices from one business unit to another. As a result of this continuous process of benchmarking in terms of resource allocation, capabi lities such as customer focus or performance management constantly evolved to build a sustainable competitive advantage.Welch emphasized building a social architecture which could capitalize on the capabilities that GE possessed. In this he focused on developing the people, redefining the processes and revising the strategies. Even though Welch started out as CEO by eliminating nearly 100,000 positions, his focus was always on bringing the best of out his people. In this he invested a considerable level of resources in the Crotonville education center so that managers and their subordinates received training of strategic value. Welch also redefined processes by eliminating bureaucracy and in the process he created the sort of organizational culture which was intolerant of bureaucracy. He encouraged discussions between representations from different business units of the company. Implementation of the six sigma program and diversification into product services were some of the strate gies that GE implemented under Welch’s leadership. Welch used these revised strategies and processes to build and reinforce GE’s capabilities.Competitive advantage in internet-based businessOne of the strategies that Welch followed in revitalizing the culture was to transform GE into a boundaryless company. This enabled the Best Practices program which benchmarked GE both externally and internally. External benchmarking enabled the company to catch up and develop a competitive edge in the internet-based business. Because the organizational culture emphasized the need to incorporate best practices found in other industries, the GE staff was instantly able to find a parallel for its e-business initiative in the e-commerce sector by studying how Amazon took away market share from Barnes and Noble. So at the outset of executing the e-business initiative, the assumption was that competitors who were already using the internet to conduct their businesses would have the same kind of competitive advantage over GE that Amazon did over Barnes and Noble. Proceeding under that assumption, the GE team began to assess its own vulnerability against high-technology competitors by forming the dyb.com. In manning the dyb.com team, Gary Reiner emphasized that the people who worked in the team had to have three attributes. They needed to have strong marketing background, they needed to have project management skills and they were also required to have a passion for the internet. Skills and interests from all these three areas had to be coordinated in creating a technological solution that had to be mission critical. The dyb.com team began by analyzing how a hypothetical internet company could take market share away from GE and the analytical template they used was the case of Amazon.com vs. Barnes and Noble. Dyb.com was also given the task of developing preemptive measures and countermeasures for possible scenarios. In performing these tasks, the team was given cons iderable flexibility and was encouraged in out-of-the-box thinking as long as it did not break established company values.The formation of dyb.com was the critical first step which enabled GE to make a smooth migration to the new technological platform even though it was late in the game. However the efforts that the dyb.com people put in would not have the same level of energy if Welch had not constantly kept in touch with them and impressed upon them the importance of what they were doing. Top management support is critical when it comes to managing change because employees are not in a position to assess the strategic importance of managing change. Welch’s continuing support for dyb.com serves to illustrate the need for management support when it comes to business process reengineering with technological innovation as GE was doing at the time by migrating into the Internet based business. Given GE’s late arrival on the scene, it is doubtful whether the company would have made a successful transition, even with the help of first-mover GE Plastics, if Welch had not made it totally clear that successful implementation of the internet-based business was the only item on his agenda.Diffusing innovations through trustThe Chief Information Officer Gary Reiner emphasized the importance of company-wide communication as a means of diffusing innovations through all of GE’s business units. This was facilitated by the operating system calendar which scheduled a regular series of meetings between delegates from different business units where there were exchanges of ideas on best practices. The operating system calendar ensured that when Reiner started out in promoting the e-business cause, there was already a culture of trust pre-existing. This was a cumulative effect because the meetings under the operating system calendar were not standalone incidents. Each meeting in the calendar built upon the previous in terms of scope and each served to acceler ate the momentum with which initiatives were put into operation. According to this operating system, each initiative went through cycles of improvement. For example, the globalization initiative had been enriched through more than a dozen cycles. Other initiatives such as six sigma, services and e-business were in the fifth, the sixth and the third cycle respectively. These initiatives were put in operation in all business units and performance results were compared across business units during the meetings. The sharing of information that facilitated these comparisons built trust among employees from different sub-units.In diffusing the e-business innovation throughout GE, Reiner went beyond the operating system calendar to schedule additional meetings and to develop additional measurements that were more targeted towards the e-business initiative. In this respect he emphasized identification of transferable best practices which facilitated the development of peer-to-peer relations hips. Because CEOs from different business units discussed with each other the progress they were making in implementing the e-business initiatives in their own departments, all departments benefited from the shared information. It was the cross-functional interaction throughout the operating system calendar that Rainer built upon that enabled GE to diffuse all three technological innovations of e-sell, e-buy and e-make throughout the organization even though the strategic impact of all three innovations was still not clear.System Complexity and couplingGE managed system complexity and coupling well because it managed to diffuse technological innovations successfully through all twenty business units. Technological innovations are particularly difficult to integrate into existing business processes because they have to be customized towards serving the strategic focus of the company. Therefore it is well for the company incorporating technological innovations by stages as GE was doi ng to be able to tap into past experience. The management at GE made this possible by means of the operating system calendar according to which managers and employees from different business units exchanged ideas in meetings and discussion forums. The operating system calendar is an example of using coupling to manage system complexity. The coupling in this case was taking place between different business units in the form of transferable best practices. Therefore even though the information system that GE was developing was steadily growing in system complexity as it evolved from selling online to buying online to automating internal business processes online, the conversion process was efficient because lessons learned from applications in one department were periodically disseminated to the rest of the organization under the operating system calendar. In this way all the different business units were interconnected and diffusion of innovations occurred without losing their effect iveness in system complexity.As stated in the case, managers and employees at GE were not sure whether the internet was making a difference to the extent that Welch had promised them. However this was not an indication of how well the company was managing system complexity. It was simply an indication of industry trends according to which the market was not ready yet to conduct transaction online. For example, one of the conclusions from dyb.com’s studies was that an Amazon-style threat did not exist. Therefore GE clearly implemented technological innovations successfully. If they did not reach the desired targets, it was only because the company was moving ahead of the industry. That is evidence enough of the success with which GE managed system complexity in it’s ever evolving information systems.

Natural gas, oil, coal, and Uranium in Russia

Natural gas, oil, coal, and Uranium in Russia Introduction Russia’s economy is ranked 9th in the world in terms of GDP, 6th in terms of purchasing power and 3rd in terms of military spending. The country’s GDP was estimated at around 2.4 trillion dollars (FYE 2011) and a per capita income of 16 736 dollars (Index Mundi, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural gas, oil, coal, and Uranium in Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the 2012 estimates, the Russian population is believed to be over 140 million with an unemployment rate of 6 percent. An average Russia earns approximately over 640 dollars a month. Mineral fuel, oil, metals and timber represents over 80 percent of the country’s exports. Despite of the increased energy prices, mineral fuel and oil only contributes 4 percent of the country’s GDP and the government expects a further drop in this figure (Index Mundi, 2012). Russia is not only the largest coun ty in the world but also the richest in terms of mineral resources. The country covers over 75 percent of the former Soviet Union territory. The country holds the largest natural gas reserves and is among the top ten in terms of crude oil reserves. In addition, Russia is the fifth producer and the third largest exporter of coal in the world. In terms of coal reserves, the country is second only to the United State of America. Russia’s mineral fuels also include uranium which is used in the local nuclear power plant (Grama, 2012, p. 82). Russia’s mineral fuel According to the U.S department of energy, Russia’s natural gas reserve is about 50 trillion cubic meters. Most of the country’s gas reserves are located in West Siberia. However, Orenburg region and Komi Republic in the North also produces significant amounts of natural gas. Russia is the second largest producer and exporter of natural gas in the world, contributing more than a third of the global na tural gas export. Local consumption of the natural gas is about 70 percent. Therefore, local demand still allows for export. The country’s natural gas is mainly exported to Europe and Central Asia (Grama, 2012, p. 83).Advertising Looking for report on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Three natural gas fields, Yamburg and Urengoi and Orenburg, accounts for more than 79 percent of the country’s production. Natural gas production is mainly under the control of Gazprom Company. The Russian government is the main shareholder of the company with 39.89 percent ownership (Grama, 2012, p. 85). With the discovery of new gas fields and increased capacity, Russia’s natural gas production is expected to increase by 890 cubic meters in 2020. The rising trend of natural gas production has enabled the country to meet its domestic demand and increase export (Levine, 2001, p. 11). According to the U.S ener gy department, Russia’s oil reserve is about 7 billion metric tons. Major oil reserves are also based in the West Siberia basin (Tomsk, Tyumen and another 300 field), Ural basin (Volga field) and Pechora Basin (Timam field) (Matthews, 2008, p. 372). In 1980s U.S.S.R was the leading global producer of oil, with Russia accounting for more than 95 percent of the overall production. However, the fall of the Soviet Union and other economic factors including unstable oil prices in the global market and the dominance of U.S dollar saw a sharp decline in the country’s oil production (Grama, 2012, p. 85). Currently, Russia produces about 500 million tons oil per year and some experts argue that the country can afford to maintain the same capacity up to 2050 given their potential reserves. The country’s petroleum export is mainly crude oil. Russia crude oil export was estimated to be about 8.4 million barrels/day in 2011. Major importers of Russia’s crude oil come from central Asia (China and Japan), Europe (former members of the Soviet Union) and North America (U.S and Canada). The country’s total coal reserve is estimated to about 150 billion metric tons which is mostly brown and hard coal. There was a massive decline in coal production in the late 80s and 90s but the situation changed since 2000.The growth of coal production has surpassed the growth of petroleum and natural gas production.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Natural gas, oil, coal, and Uranium in Russia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unlike oil and gas whose local consumption is over 70 percent, over half of the coal produced is exported. Ninety percent of Russia’s coal exports go to the European markets (Lawson, 2002, p. 8). Coal production is expected to increase with the depletion of oil and natural gas reserves in the future. Even though the country has more than 20 coal basins, most of th e coal produced comes from 7 basins. The country’s 7 major basins are Donetskii basin, Moscow basin, Pechora basin, Kansk-Achinsk basin, Irkutsk basin, Kuznetski basin, and South Yakutsk basin. The country’s coal is transported through railroad and sea (Rosner, 2010, p. 3). Russia’s nuclear fuel is principally Uranium. However, the country also produces plutonium but in small quantity. According to the London Uranium institute, the country has over 200000 tons of Uranium reserves. The country has only one uranium mining project and all of it is consumed locally. In other words, Russia does not export Uranium instead it imports more. The country has nine nuclear power plants with over 20 million kilowatt capacity (Levine, 2001, p. 9). Russia-Canada trade The bilateral relationship between Russia and Canada has increased significantly over the last decade (Government of Canada, 2012). Canadian exports to Russia have increased by 154.3 percent since 1998. The figur e increased from 180 million dollars to over 1.58 billion dollars in 2011. Most of the Canada’s exports to Russia include automobiles and parts, machineries, aircrafts and parts, and processed food. On the other hand, Russia’s export to Canada totaled about 1.35 billion dollars in 2011. Canada’s imports from Russia mostly include mineral fuels and oil, metals, gem stones, rubber and inorganic chemicals. The trade relationship between these countries also includes service exchange. In 2011, Russia received 500 million dollars for services rendered and spent 260 million dollars for services received (Government of Canada, 2012).Advertising Looking for report on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Khondaker (2008, p. 2), Russia and Canada have become significant trade partners, even though trade between these two countries is still low compared with other countries. Russia imports largely manufactured goods from Canada. On the other hand, its exports are mainly coal, crude oil and natural gas. According to Khondaker (2008), if not for mineral fuels, Canada would have registered a surplus of more than 700 million dollars in 2008 (p. 3). Mineral fuel represents 16 percent of the whole Canada’s exports from Russia. Over the last ten years Canada has registered a trade deficit with Russia. The deficit was estimated to be about 1.25 billion dollars in 2008 (Khondaker, 2008, p. 4; Matthews, 2008, p. 372). Conclusion Russia is among the top global producers of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. The country’s mineral fuel and oil reserves are in billions of metric tons. The bilateral trade relations between Russia and Canada have considerably grown over the last one decade. Russia import mainly manufactured goods from Canada and exports mineral fuel and crude oil. The trade balance between these two countries tends to favor Russia. However, mineral fuel and oil only contributes less than ten percent to the GDP. References Government of Canada. (2012). Canada Russia Relations. Web. Grama, Y. (2012). The Analysis of Russian Oil and Gas Reserves. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2 (2), 82-91. Index Mundi. (2012). Russia Economy Profile 2012. Web. Khondaker, J. (2008). Canada’s Trade with Russia: 1998 to 2007. Canadian Trade Highlights, ISBN: 978-0-662-43652-2. Web. Levine, R.M. (2001). The Mineral Industry of Russia. Journal of Geological Survey, 4 (1), 5-30. Matthews, M.J. (2008). Energy competition and international relations. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 29 (4), 371-376. Lawson, P. (2002). An Introduction to the Russian Coal Industry. Charleston, West Virginia: Marshall Miller and Associate s. Rosner, K. (2010). Russian Coal: Europe’s New Energy Challenge. Climate Energy Paper Series 2010.

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident Research Paper

Causes and Consequences of Chernobyl Incident - Research Paper Example As a fact the power supply was already lowered down almost 15 hours before the experimentation had resumed this time. Later on, this emerged in a news report that the said nuclear reactor was functioning at almost 7 per cent of its full capability. Records indicate that the test begun at 01:23 a.m. local time (The Telegraph 2011). It took not more then the next 60 seconds and a dreadful accident had occurred. The power supply had intensified which led to two disastrous explosions. As a result, highly intensified radioactive substance was also unleashed. The reactor was thoroughly destroyed, leaving behind an immense cloud of radioactive substance that rose to an estimated 3,300 feet straight to the skies. Due to the intense force of the blast, some of the released substance gradually scattered in the surrounding areas yet most of it was able to travel as far as Western Europe (Park 1986). International news agencies became active. The incoming reports strongly suggested that the over all design along with most of the operating functions of this High Power Reactor were outdated and poor. A lack of safety measures and other omissions on the part of reactor’s operating crew were being further added to the latest insights that may have led to this happening. More causes that actually lead to this disastrous accident were clarified after months when Soviet officials declared that the accident was a result of several failures (Park 1986). In the year 1992, a report was put together for the UN nuclear power watchdog, in which chief of the reactor’s statement was also quoted. It read: â€Å"01:24, serious shocks.† This statement that was obtained from the operator log clearly indicates that things were pretty much out of control right after the experimentation had begun. The report further elaborates as the engineer explains â€Å"the rods of Reactor Control & Protection System had actually stopped moving before they had touched the lower limit ene rgy switches.† Later on, it was clarified in a report that was published in the Soviet newspaper that the atomic station was under-staffed during the accident, adding that most of the workers had left due to the upcoming â€Å"May Day holiday† This news added a lot to the situation. Some of the key engineers were also among those that were not present that day (Hoffmann 1986). Few analysts said that it was rather good that a less amount of people were available when the blasts occurred whereas others raised the point that this was probably an additional cause of the explosion. Due to the instant explosion, one of the workers was killed right away. His body was never to be found while another operating member lost his life after few hours following the grieve accident. He was taken to the hospital but could not survive. Firefighting team arrived in a short bit. They started their efforts to somehow extinguish the fire and take over the chaotic situation. More teams were summoned. All these fire-fighters were a target of an abnormal dose of radiation. Thus a total of 28 rescue workers along with plant’s serving members that were present at the sight would die in the up coming weeks. They were more likely to get infected by Acute Radiation Syndrome, commonly known as (ARS). Even though the number of causalities that had taken place and those that were to follow the leakage clearly called for a state of emergency, the Soviet authorities remained silent for another three days. On April 28th, TASS, an official

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) Term Paper

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) - Term Paper Example A sixty-year old man has decided to stop treatment for lung cancer and just wait for his death. The patient already received chemotherapy, but his conditions continued to worsen. His kidneys are failing too. The patient, relatives, and health care staff have acknowledged the imminence of death. Specifically, the patient and his/her relatives understand that they will no longer prolong life and they will only wait for their patient’s natural course of death. Second, the doctors and nurses have consulted the patient and kin for the advance end-of-life care plan, where the symptoms’ relief is outlined. The plan also integrates psychological, social, practical, and spiritual aspects of patient care in planning for end-of-life care. Since the patient is Catholic, he already listens to Bible readings every day and receives visits from a priest. Third, the plan includes providing a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and their own bereave ment. This includes counseling for the family and preparing them for the patient’s death. Finally, there should be a clear system of transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. If the patient signs a do-not-resuscitate order, the relatives should respect this decision, no matter how hard it is for them to let go.

Microeconomics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomics - Term Paper Example onsumption of services and goods by a consumer, the theory is an attempt to measure the general satisfaction a consumer derives from the consumption of a good, the utility theory also states the law of diminishing marginal utility, this concept states that as the number of units consumed by a consumer increase then the marginal utility level keeps on dropping until it reaches zero. For example the utility gained by consuming the first unit of a good or service is higher than the utility gained from the consumption of the second unit, this shows that as we increase the number of units we consumed the utility level keeps on declining. From the chart above it is evident that the consumption of more units of a good will increase the level of utility, however marginal utility declines as the number of units increase, the above diagram shows the total utility curve and the marginal utility curve, the point labeled 0 is the optimal point of consumption for a consumer whereby a consumer should consume to this point where the marginal utility value is equal to zero. For a rational consumer the optimal consumption of a good wil also be determined by the cost of price of goods and services and also their income, if we assume that a cionsumer consume two goods with different utility levels and that his income is 200 dollars, also assume that we have good A which costs 20 dollars and good b which costs 10 dollars then we can formulate a budget line by determining the maximum number of goods a consumer will consume, for good A the maximum number of units the consumer can purchase is 200/20 = 10 for good B the maximum number of units the consumer can purchase is 200/10 = 20, therefore we derive the budget line as follows: The chart shows the indifference curve, the higher the indifference curve the higher the level of utility derived and the lower the indifference curve the lower the level of utility derived. From our above example we determine the optimal level of consumption

Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings Essay

Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings" analyzes Eighteenth Century Paintings and Classical Ideals Represented in them. The classical cultures of Greece and Rome with their well evolved political organization were based on traditions of liberty, civic virtue, morality and sacrifice; and were considered worthy of emulation, during the great political upheavals in Britain. The significance of classical ideals in this era, emphasized neoclassicism during the French and American revolutions. Also, spectacular finds from the excavations of the Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, buried in 79 CE by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, further fuelled public interest in classic art and architecture. Additionally, the scholarly attention of art historians such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) focused on the ancient world and classical antiquity, thus extensively increasing interest in neoclassicism. The reknowned art critic and poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) observed that eighteenth century paintings contained â€Å"a form of perfection borrowed from a repertory of classical ideals†. This paper proposes to determine the extent of truth in Charles Baudelaire’s above statement, by studying works of art from the eighteenth century painted by well-known artists of the time: Anton Raphael Mengs, Gavin Hamilton, Angelica Kauffman and Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun. In the intellectual and artistic world of eighteenth century Britain, there was a sense of optimism.

(Consumer behavior) Critically discuss the barriers associated with Essay

(Consumer behavior) Critically discuss the barriers associated with perceived risk in decision-making processes for the chosen - Essay Example The company may instigate customer interest by creating a website which maps the development of the product as Toyota had done before the launch of Prius. Also creating online brochures and e-marketing are ways to reach more customers. Discussion The barriers associated with perceived risk in decision-making processes Petrol-electric hybrid cars are launched as alternatives to conventional, internal combustion engine cars. The hybrid automobiles are aimed at achieving higher economy of fuel by combining a conventional engine with a rechargeable battery. The fuel economy of hybrid cars are important in today’s world in perspective to the climatic changes as well is because of the concerns of energy security. The use of petrol-electric hybrid cars causes almost half of the carbon dioxide emissions petrol consumed in conventional fuel cars. Hybrid cars are capturing an increasing share of the domestic automobile (The New York Times, 2007, p.2). Though hybrid cars are not widely i ntegrated into the market still it is a growing range of product and can be successfully used to combat energy and ecological issues. Therefore, it is vital to know the main influencing factors which influence the decision making process of a customer in buying a hybrid car. Some factors are similar to those arising in the acceptance of a new technology by the consumer market. In consumer behaviour, the choice of a product depends on a varying number of factors. In the case of choosing an automobile for buying, customer decision making is a high involvement and often quite complicated process. An automobile, though being a product for regular use, it comes under a product category which is rarely bought and bought after an intricate evaluation process followed by the customer. Also, a car is expensive, a certain range of automobiles come under the premium products category and a number of alternative brands and types can be found in the market. Additionally, the customer has the per ceived risk of not choosing the perfect automobile to suit his needs and having to bear a huge cost to rectify the mistake and cars being an investment for a long time, consumers show the trend of having a more complex and long process of decision making. The consumer decision making process involves both intrinsic and extrinsic methods (The Wall Street Journal, 2009). Mostly, hybrid cars are seen to be purchased for social reasons and concern for environment is a lesser influential factor in the consumer decision making process. It is seen that though many people are aware of the potential damage and threats to then ecological system and want to help in balancing the environment, the willingness of the customers rarely changes into the actual buying behaviour due to the above mentioned factors that majorly influence their buying behaviour. The increase in energy prices and incomes largely and most significantly impact the buying behaviour of the consumers for the hybrid vehicles (E dwards, 2010, p. 56). Some factors like high energy consumption and

The Lewis And Clark Expedition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lewis And Clark Expedition - Term Paper Example The task for President Jefferson was now to get familiarized with the territory itself, especially the western front. To accomplish this task, President Jefferson chose his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who was not only a reliable and intelligent man, but also possessed skills of a frontiersman. Meriwether Lewisin in turn selected one of his most reliable friends and an exceptional frontiersman and draftsman, William Clark, and made him the co-commanding captain of the expedition. The trust that Lewis had in Clark’s abilities was remarkable given the fact that Clark was not highly ranked by the government itself for such expeditions1. There were two reasons why President Jefferson wanted this expedition to take place. The first obvious reason was that he wanted to discover the actual territory itself so that the boundaries could be established. The second reason was that he wanted Lewis to discover the water link between the Missouri and Columbia rivers. This water netwo rk would link the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi system of rivers which in turn would open new access routes for trade and commerce. EXPEDITION The expedition officially started from the summer of 1804 from Camp Wood in St. Louis. Until then, the members were developing the strategies for the expedition. That summertime and during the fall the group of voyagers propelled and dragged themselves towards the north and more precisely, to the northwest on the Missouri River. The post which they reached before the advent of winter was the Fort Mandan post, a trading post, where they set up their camps and waited till the winter had passed away. During this time they prepared for the journey ahead. When the winter had finally passed and as spring of 1805 was approaching, the journey began once again. They moved on further up towards the Missouri to Montana, to what is presently called Three-Forks. The path which they chose was the boundary of the western front along the Jefferson River . This helped to serve the purpose of discovering the new terrain. The new route brought the explorers to the threshold of Shoshone Indians who were very well acquainted with the terrain and specialized in crossing the mountains with their horses. The significant people whom they met were a French fur trader and his Shoshone Indian wife named Sacagawea which means ‘bird woman’. Both these people agreed to guide them through and Sacagawea was especially helpful in establishing contact with the Indians through acting as a translator. At first, the Indians were frightened to see the explorers, but because of Sacagawea, the connection was made rather easily and the Indians agreed to help them. The Indians provided them with supplies and other essential stuff. The other benefit of Sacagawea was that because she was a woman it signified the fact that the explorers were not there for war. Generally, women were not taken alongside in the situation of war. Thus, the presence of Sacagawea meant that the explorers did not mean war. With the help of the Indians, the explorers made their way up to the Bitterroot Mountains. Without the horses it would have been difficult to pass through the mountains. There, the difficulty they had to face was that they had to now travel downriver from the Bitterroot

Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings Essay

Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Classical Ideals Represented in Eighteenth Century Paintings" analyzes Eighteenth Century Paintings and Classical Ideals Represented in them. The classical cultures of Greece and Rome with their well evolved political organization were based on traditions of liberty, civic virtue, morality and sacrifice; and were considered worthy of emulation, during the great political upheavals in Britain. The significance of classical ideals in this era, emphasized neoclassicism during the French and American revolutions. Also, spectacular finds from the excavations of the Roman cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii, buried in 79 CE by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius, further fuelled public interest in classic art and architecture. Additionally, the scholarly attention of art historians such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) focused on the ancient world and classical antiquity, thus extensively increasing interest in neoclassicism. The reknowned art critic and poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) observed that eighteenth century paintings contained â€Å"a form of perfection borrowed from a repertory of classical ideals†. This paper proposes to determine the extent of truth in Charles Baudelaire’s above statement, by studying works of art from the eighteenth century painted by well-known artists of the time: Anton Raphael Mengs, Gavin Hamilton, Angelica Kauffman and Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun. In the intellectual and artistic world of eighteenth century Britain, there was a sense of optimism.

The Lewis And Clark Expedition Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lewis And Clark Expedition - Term Paper Example The task for President Jefferson was now to get familiarized with the territory itself, especially the western front. To accomplish this task, President Jefferson chose his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis who was not only a reliable and intelligent man, but also possessed skills of a frontiersman. Meriwether Lewisin in turn selected one of his most reliable friends and an exceptional frontiersman and draftsman, William Clark, and made him the co-commanding captain of the expedition. The trust that Lewis had in Clark’s abilities was remarkable given the fact that Clark was not highly ranked by the government itself for such expeditions1. There were two reasons why President Jefferson wanted this expedition to take place. The first obvious reason was that he wanted to discover the actual territory itself so that the boundaries could be established. The second reason was that he wanted Lewis to discover the water link between the Missouri and Columbia rivers. This water netwo rk would link the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi system of rivers which in turn would open new access routes for trade and commerce. EXPEDITION The expedition officially started from the summer of 1804 from Camp Wood in St. Louis. Until then, the members were developing the strategies for the expedition. That summertime and during the fall the group of voyagers propelled and dragged themselves towards the north and more precisely, to the northwest on the Missouri River. The post which they reached before the advent of winter was the Fort Mandan post, a trading post, where they set up their camps and waited till the winter had passed away. During this time they prepared for the journey ahead. When the winter had finally passed and as spring of 1805 was approaching, the journey began once again. They moved on further up towards the Missouri to Montana, to what is presently called Three-Forks. The path which they chose was the boundary of the western front along the Jefferson River . This helped to serve the purpose of discovering the new terrain. The new route brought the explorers to the threshold of Shoshone Indians who were very well acquainted with the terrain and specialized in crossing the mountains with their horses. The significant people whom they met were a French fur trader and his Shoshone Indian wife named Sacagawea which means ‘bird woman’. Both these people agreed to guide them through and Sacagawea was especially helpful in establishing contact with the Indians through acting as a translator. At first, the Indians were frightened to see the explorers, but because of Sacagawea, the connection was made rather easily and the Indians agreed to help them. The Indians provided them with supplies and other essential stuff. The other benefit of Sacagawea was that because she was a woman it signified the fact that the explorers were not there for war. Generally, women were not taken alongside in the situation of war. Thus, the presence of Sacagawea meant that the explorers did not mean war. With the help of the Indians, the explorers made their way up to the Bitterroot Mountains. Without the horses it would have been difficult to pass through the mountains. There, the difficulty they had to face was that they had to now travel downriver from the Bitterroot

Observing a worship service In APA Style Essay Example for Free

Observing a worship service In APA Style Essay Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) encompasses a broad variety of beliefs and practices, not all of which are shared by all Hindus, and many of which actually contradict each other. It is probably unique among the religions of the world in its tolerance of diversity. It is a completely decentralized religion, with no hierarchy of clergy and so supreme authority. It had no single founder whose teachings have been propagated by his disciples. Although most of the basic beliefs of Hinduism achieved their present term about the time of Christ, the roots of the religion are much older; some of the same gods worshiped by Hindus were being worshiped by their ancestors nearly 4, 000 years ago. As Hinduism developed, it continually absorbed and reinterpreted the beliefs and practices of the different peoples with whom it came into contact. The church named Masjid Al-Rahim performs five times daily prayers and may gather on Friday as the major assemble of believers for the week. Actually they have ten types of worship and some of these are performed as a group or individually and sometimes both. What is good on this is that Hindus can perform it in the temple or at home whatever they want to. The worship service is called arti which means â€Å"a greeting celebration with a lamp† and each of them will worship Tulsi by walking around her as part of the ritual and each one of them will have a kirtan. Afterwards, an individual will join with other believers or devotees for the meditation for their beads called japa. They have more than one priest that performs the rituals and the priests dressed the deities according to their day-to-day outfits. In a while, after the priests dressed these deities, the curtains will open and the congregation will greet them with an arti. Next to this is the guru-puja. It is a time in which the congregation has the chance to offer different flowers to their spiritual leader. After this, one of the priests will sing a song called bhajan and gives a sermon to the congregation as part of their worship service. The congregation also has the chance to raise questions to the priest regarding the spiritual life at the end of the sermon. Moreover, According to them, they have 10 important holidays that are carefully observed but actually only gave me five out of ten which are the most important ones and these are the Diwali which is celebrated from September to October, Holi and Mahashivaratri (two different festivals but celebrated from February to March), the birthday celebration of Lord Rama during the month of April, Kumbh Mela happens during the months of July to August which is a kind of pilgrimage to India. In addition, they said that their religion helps them to direct their lives especially in making their decisions. It helps them shape their characters as good believers and have strong belief with their gods. There are times that other people may misunderstand on what they believe in and this challenges most of them because it will enable and push them to share on what they believe and convince others that there religion has so much to offer beyond everyone’s comprehension. Also, showing good conducts to others is one of their challenges too because their present actions also determine their future lives after they died and will be reborn. For most of the believers, they believe that earthly existence in the present depends on their past lives. The fortunes of the soul in each rebirth are determined by its behavior in former lives. This law of karma states that no sin ever goes unpunished and no virtue remains unrewarded; if a man does not receive punishment or reward in this life, he will in some succeeding life. By his behavior a man determines whether his rebirth will be a higher station or lower, whether he will be reborn as a man, as a god, or as the lowest insect. Furthermore, they said that it didn’t matter with them if their religion is called Sanatana Dharma or Hinduism because there is no much difference in their practices and beliefs thus they believe in the same gods although may differ in practices to some degrees. In addition, the names or titles for their religion are just an identification that they believe in Hinduism. In Hinduism, men and women have different functions. The women’s role is important in upholding the social and cultural values of the family and they are not given much attention with regards to their education on the other hand, men’s roles are to take care of the family and his wife and must be respectful and show affections to relatives.

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury Overview Of Both Companies Cadburys origins date back to almost two centuries when it was founded by John Cadbury who started the business by selling cocoa and tea in Birmingham, UK. Later he expanded by starting a line of beverages after a merger with Indian Schweppes changing the company name to Cadbury Schweppes (Chinn 1998). Successful product developments and launches have enabled Cadbury to boast of an extensive confectionary line consisting of Cocoa Essence, Easter Eggs,Milk Chocolate, Cadbury Fingers, Dairy Milk, BournevilleChocolate, Milk Tray, Flake Creme Egg, Crunchie, Picnic, Curly windy, Wispa boost, Twirl and Time Out (Cadbury 2010). Kraft, on the other hand, is a US company about a century old, which started off as a door to door cheese business but expanded into other confectionary items through many takeovers previously such as Ritz Crackers, Nabisco (Oreos) and Phenix Cheese Corporation (Philadelphia Cheese) to achieve success (Smith 2009). It is second in terms of sales and popularity in the confectionary industry with annual revenues of $42 billion, operating in more than 150 countries (Kraft 2008). The Idea Of A Takeover Due to recessionary times following fall in sales, many companies in the confectionary industry recognized the potential of merging with their competitors to become competitive and enjoy economies of scale (Mauboussin, 2010). Cadbury had continued to be a strong performer in the confectionary industry and shown steady performance and growth in light of the turbulent economic times. Much of Cadburys growth was due to its presence in emerging global markets. Kraft was attracted to Cadbury due its strong performance during the economic crisis. This led to Krafts proposal to Cadbury of a takeover. The initial offering of $16.3 billion or 740pence per share by Kraft to Cadbury was outright rejected as derisory and an attempt by Kraft to take over Cadbury for cheap. Cadbury has had strong brands whose icons are etched in the minds all over the world, an impressive category line and extensive worldwide consumer base. Successful financial overview and steady business model reinforced Cadburys belief that it should be an independent company. Krafts bid did not come remotely close to reflecting the companys true worth. Kraft proposed another bid shortly: This comprised of an offer of  £10.1 billion ($17 billion, same terms as the first bid in September-300 pence in cash and 0.2589 Kraft shares per Cadbury shares. The closing price of 9th November reflected the bid valuation of Cadbury at 710 pence which was lower than the share price of 761p on that day. Krafts share price: $26.53; Exchange rate (as agreed): $1.66 / GBP. Ratio: 0.2589 Kraft shares per every Cadbury share (26.53/1.66 * 0.2589 =  £ 4.133 + 4.13 =  £ 7.13).This was less than the price of Cadbury on that day and even the initial level of  £ 7.45. Cadbury rejected the offer on the basis of undervalued Cadbury which was now of a lesser value. It was in fact even lower than the current Cadbury share price. The Cadbury chairman said:â€Å"Under your proposal, Cadbury would be absorbed into Krafts low growth, conglomerate business model, an unappealing prospect which contrasts sharply with our strategy to be a pure play confectionery company.† The hype created by rumors of takeover figures led to exciting speculations .Media reported Ferrero to be considering a rival bid. Hersheys confirmed its own interest for same purpose. There were not only speculations of a joint bid but also of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Co. joining the bidding race. All this favored Cadbury whose share price witnessed new highs. Hersheys and Ferrero would struggle to bid alone and only their combined offer could beat Krafts offer. On January 18, Kraft finally managed to take over one of the worlds second largest confectionery manufacturer in a hostile bid of an enormous 11.5billion (US$19.5billion). This deal will be remembered in history as one of the largest transnational deals, especially in the aftermath of credit crunch. After four months of continuous resistance, Cadbury shareholders agreed to Krafts offering of $19.5 billion, (840 pence per share). This was agreed upon with the spirit of creating the worlds largest confectioner. This consisted of 500 pence in cash per share and the remaining amount paid to Cadbury shareholder in the form of Kraft shares. The shareholders had the power to decide the mix of amount they wanted in cash and shares.   According to estimations, the finals offer presented a multiple of 13 times Cadburys earnings in 2009 (after interest, taxes and debt were paid). The high bid price overruled the threat of Hersheys or Unilever offering a price for the same strategy, that is take over. The only rival left   was Nestle which too was reduced significantly when Cadburys Director signed the agreement that if Cadbury were to change its mind about the takeover, it would pay a handsome penalty for it, hence such a situation arising became highly unlikely. The Kraft management, led by Irene Rosenfeld also assured that Kraft had a great respect for Cadburys brands, employees and reputable history and therefore the employees of Cadbury would  Ã‚   do well in the new environment. Also, she verbally assured that under the new agreement the previous contractual rights of the employees would remain the same as before. Market Structure Of The Two Companies Cadbury and Kraft are both multinational operations with activities in both developed and developing countries. Cadbury is however the market leader in UK and Irelands confectionary where consumers have a liking for British chocolate containing vegetable oil having a richer taste in milk and also sweeter as opposed to continental chocolate having cocoa fat content; hence Kraft has a low share in such markets. Also, Cadburys strong standing in the Indian (Schweppes) and North American Markets was cleverly identified by Kraft who wanted to tap it and exploit under its own name now to add to its success story. Advantages Of The Takeover For Kraft. It was the biggest cross-border acquisition this year. Such a deal clearly pushed Kraft as number 1 dealer in confectionary. A merger allowed Kraft to gain a footing in the fast growing chewing gum category. Kraft management believes that the combination of the two companies is both a strategic as well as complimentary fit, boasting a portfolio of over 40 confectionary brands each having the ability to yield annual sales of over $100 million. A combination of Kraft products like Toblerone, Oreos and Ritz crackers with Trident gum and Dairy Milk chocolates from Cadbury would result in $625 million annual pretax cost savings on annual company costs of research and development, advertising, branding and procurement. There would also be a significant level of revenue synergy ($50 billion annually) that would subsequently result in higher earnings per share. After the takeover, Kraft would have a greater ability to compete with the giant Nestle on confectionary grounds by increasing its market share in Britain and enjoying the benefits of Cadburys strong geographical networking in Asia. Krafts growth prospects would brighten through access to new brands particularly in the confectionary department along with new distribution channels for the existing products which are outside US. These constitute about one third of the market in developing countries such as Africa, China and India. Advantages Of The Takeover For Cadbury Cadbury would profit from Krafts extensive distribution network around the globe. Cadbury had been vulnerable to a takeover ever since it demerged its US soft drinks business. This high takeover bid was an attractive opportunity to do away with such a fear. A combined Kraft and Cadbury would significantly expand the global reach of both businesses and create synergies worth in the region of $625m. Since a stand-alone Cadbury â€Å"had limited opportunities for value creation,† agreement to the contract for takeover seemed like a wise decision. Disadvantages Of The Takeover Along with the obvious benefits come the many challenges and ethical issues. These are primarily high debt issues and employee layoffs.   The high debt position of Kraft has further worsened with the takeover as funds were borrowed to pay the Cadbury shareholders a higher yield. Kraft also sold off its frozen Pizza line in order to make the takeover happen. The unions are worried that the jobs of hundreds would be at stake (estimated 9000plus) as Kraft would try to reduce costs to operate efficiently and pay back its debts. The company has also not given any formal assurance that it would protect 4500 UK jobs. Also it is a known fact that when a company needs to cut costs, jobs and job conditions suffer. The British Government also opposes takeovers of British companies by foreign giants as it nearly always leads to job losses. This takeover too was met with resistance including Gordon Browns advice and insistence against its happening but the shareholders overruled it and still went ahead with the deal. According to a Union head, â€Å"This is a very sad day for U.K. manufacturing. A successful, iconic, independent U.K. brand will now be owned by a giant company with massive debt.† In the face of such a scenario, even if employees are laid off it will not affect those who are rich and/ or are major shareholders in the company.   For example, if the chairman, Roger Carr gets axed, he would still walk away with $30 million! This proves that it is the low level managers and employees who feel the vulnerability of such an action. According to David Bailey, professor at Coventry University Business School; Serious questions need to be asked about Krafts intentions†¦ Kraft already has a track record of cutting production and moving production abroad†¦ Theres no guarantee that theyll keep production in the UK in the long run. When employees of both companies were interviewed to ask about their view points, most expressed fear and uncertainty. They were resistant to the idea of such a large company where their positions and titles might be reduced or lost due to the massive structure. They are also despondent of their lack of involvement in this decision. According to one employee, â€Å"nobody really knows what is going to happen, but it is definitely not going to be pleasant.† A disadvantage for Krafts shareholders of the takeover is that they now mentally feel less financially strong as assets were being sold and the entire pizza production plant worth $3.7 billion was sold to raise money for the takeover. The Market Theories Being Practiced The Market theory witnessed in such a situation is a combination of globalization practiced over countries and between countries of the two companies having their origins in US and UK. The practice generated by Kraft, in this case, was that of a hostile takeover, where the big company used its aggressive stance on growth to acquire a smaller company. This is a very certain way to achieve company growth. In the event of a significant bid for shares, the shareholders are likely accept the offer but the board of directors more likely to resist. This is exactly what happened with this takeover too, however due to low bid price initially, the shareholders were not inclined towards the idea until the bid became impossible to resist. Some Kraft shareholders too were also strongly against this idea, especially Warren Buffett who felt that Kraft was overpaying Cadbury when there was no need for Cadburys products in Krafts portfolio for long term growth. He expressed his desire of wishing to stop the takeover if he could. Conclusion Objectively speaking, when takeovers of such a   nature occurs; Two large companies come under one brand name, with the larger one burdened with high debt, the risk of business coming down due to conflicts in operation strategies in the near future are highly likely to occur. These are not realized when the benefits of the takeover are being discussed and third parties involved in its happenings are proactive as they too are making money. These parties are usually the deal makers, lawyers and other advisers who earn their commissions irrespective of whether the deal is eventually a success or a failure. Referencing Chinn, C. The Cadbury story: a short history (1998). Brewin Books. Shwartz, S.,(2005).HosTorScience Fiction, reprint, Tom Doherty Associates Faulkner, D., (2002)Strategy, Taylor and Francis Griffin, R.,(2009)Management,5,Houghton Mifflin Slater, R., (1999), illustrated, Beard Books. Hasian, Jr, 2008, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32,249-270 www.kraftfoodscompany.com www.cadbury.co.uk www.unitetheunion.com www.ft.com www.cnn.com/2010/BUSIN Smith, A.F., Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. (2009) Columbia University Press, 286-92. Maboussin, M. J. Surge in the Urge to Merge. (2010). Legg Mason Capital Management.

Canadian Sport And Class Inequality :: essays research papers

Canadian sport is divided amongst its classes. Not all people engage in the same sports or do the same things to stay physically active. In following pages, I have critically examined explanations on how to tell there are differences within classes, and what these differences mean to sport and physical activity in Canada.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After examining some reasons why there is division within classes in Canadian sport, I will discuss what steps or measures would be necessary to take in order to achieve equality among the classes. I will suggest some things we can do to mesh all classes together in a unified plan. I will show how Canadian sport would be different if we lived in a ‘utopia’ of equality among classes – essentially having no classes. Class equality may not be what is best for sport in Canada. I will also weigh whether or not it would be best for Canada to be without classes in its sporting system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I will conclude with my recommendations on what steps must be taken for the future of Canadian sport to ensure the most efficient and equal program is in place for everyone. Class is very closely related to money and income. The more money you have or the more money your household brings in, the higher status you have. Power is also related to class and may not always belong to the coaches. In formally organized sports it may be who has the knowledge or resources desired to play the game that has the most significant amount of power. â€Å"Formally organized sports could not be developed, scheduled or maintained without material resources.†4 This certainly implies that some people hold a significant amount of power over others and remain in a class above others in sports. It should also be noted that formally organized sports are not democratic. The idea of class division is fully entertained when defining, â€Å"Rich and powerful people tend to be defined as worthy winners, while the poor and powerless tend to be defined as lazy losers.† To say there is a division of classes within sport without clearly defining each specific class, we must take a class logic mindset. Class logic can be interpreted as â€Å"economic success (winning) becomes proof of individual ability, worth, and character.† I must also mention the class logic comes to emphasize achievement through individual competition and domination over others.3 As we enter a new millennium, it is easy to draw conclusions on some things that have happened in the last.

Comparing Femininity in The Woman Warrior and King Lear Essay -- compa

Femininity in The Woman Warrior and King Lear  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   What is femininity? What role should women play in society? These are questions that humanity has faced ever since the first hunter-gatherer tribes developed. Gender roles, at least in the popular imagination, were clear; the men hunted for big game, the women picked nuts and berries. There were clear reasons for this - hunting required the brute muscular strength of the male, while gathering did not. But as humanity invented labor-saving devices, physical strength became less and less important to survival, while "mental strength" - strength of character - played an ever-increasing role. This is a phenomenon that we see played out in Shakespeare's play King Lear and Maxine Hong Kingston's memoir The Woman Warrior.    Any work of literature can be said to make a claim about the nature of femininity; even a work with all male characters would be notable in this respect for the absence of females. But these two works are notable because rather than showing females in their "traditional" passive roles, they are made into active figures. Though the two works are vastly separated in space and time, they both make the same essential claim about the nature of woman. They make the claim that women can, and should, be empowered, and that the idea of the "woman warrior" is not a dream, but a viable reality. In order to show this, the character in each work that best exemplifies this "modern spirit must be considered. In King Lear, this is Cordelia, although the choice is superficially unobvious. In The Woman Warrior, the narrator - Maxine, for the sake of brevity - is the only female character well enough known to the reader for any empowerment to be perceived. In order... ...o begin the essay with the quote below:   The last thing I wanted was infinite security and to be    the place an arrow shoots off from. I wanted change and    excitement and to shoot off in all directions myself, like    the colored arrows from a Fourth of July rocket. Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar (68)    Works Cited Feldman, Erica. Personal communication. 28 Sept 2000. Kingston, Maxine Hong. The Woman Warrior. New York: Vintage International, 1975. O'Brien, Tim. "How To Tell A True War Story." The Things They Carried. New York: Penguin, 1990. 73-91. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. Rolfe, Alex. "Fa Mu Lan: an autobiography." The Woman Warrior reaction papers. 2000. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. 1608. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1993.      

Psychology Prospect Theory

PSY 302 Prospect Theory Review This paper is written in order to compare and contrast two articles that were chosen from the social psychology field. I chose my topic as Prospect Theory. It is one of the theories related to decision making process. This theory not only supported in social psychology but also supported fields of economic, consumer choice, political science and marketing. Prospect theory explains that people are loss averse that means they weigh losses heavily than gains.In other words, â€Å"looses looms larger than gains†. To illustrate; the person who found $100 on street would be less happy than the person who lost $100. The one of reason could be looses are more painful than gains are pleasant. Thus, humans cannot easily get rid of the effect of bad outcomes. I learned firstly this theory from one of my marketing courses and I really interested in that theory because it is implications likely to occur in our lives but I have never thought of it.That is why I choose two of my articles from that theory and I wanted to learn what different perspectives to that theory are. Those chosen articles are â€Å"When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains† and â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money. † However those two article tried to explain the time when looses do not loom larger than gains.That means within a specific situations prospect theory would be reversed. The rest of the paper will be devoted to comparison of their methodology, research question and predictions. Finally I will explain my opinion and suggestions to improve that research. First of all there will be an explanation of their research questions. â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† tried to predict that when there is small loss, gains loom larger than losses. Thus, it says that prospect theory would be reversed for small things.However the article called â€Å"When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains† tried to predict that in the conditions of psychological needs may increase behavioral responses to gains more than behavioral responses to losses. To sum up, their theory same as â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† because both of them predicted that loses may not loom larger than gains.However there are differences in terms of conducting those predictions. The main difference among those two articles is that â€Å"When gains loom larger than losses: reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money† put their hypothesis in terms of monetary values whereas other article tried to understand behavioral a nd affective responses to gains because writers think that loss aversion hypothesis gives importance to monetary phenomena not behavioral responses. Thus, they tried to understand the effect of goal fulfilling on prospect theory.Goals are related to this issue because in article they pointed out that, goals are seen as reference points. Humans evaluate their success or unsuccessfulness of outcomes comparing themselves to reference point, they determined. Thus, reference outcomes determine whether they faced a loss or they face a gain. That means in terms of behavioral responses of prospect theory, reference points are important. REFERENCES Harinek, F. , Dijk, E. V. , Beest, I. V. , & Mersmann, P. (2007). When gains loom larger than losses:reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money.Psychological science, 18(12), 1099-1105. (Harinek, Dijk, Beest & Mersmann, 2007) Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. , Kee, Y. H. , Thaung, H. K. , & Hagger, M. S. (2011). British journal of social psychology . When small losses do not loom larger than small gains: Effects of contextual autonomy support and goal contents on behavioral responses to small losses and small gains, Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1111/j. 2044-8309. 2011. 02033. x/abstract (Chatzisarantis, Kee, Thaung & Hagger, 2011)

Reduce the Cost of Marker Making

RESEARCH REPORT HOW TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKER MAKING AND DECREASE THE WASTAGE OF FABRIC? TEXTILE INSTITUTE OF PAKISTAN Shakaib Iftikhar (AMM-3) Tariq Zaib(AMM-3) Arsalan Javed(AMM-3) Faiza Noor (AMM-3) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT4 INTRODUCTION5 OBJECTIVES6 SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH6 LITERATURE REVIEW7 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY10 RESULTS11 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS14 CONCLUSION16 APPENDIXES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this Lecture Notes possible: Our Research Teacher, Ma’am Rakshanda Shah,for her vital encouragement, support and teaching. Ma’am Nazia, our Institute Apparel Lab Assistant, for providing markers and patterns. Mr Gamini, Head of Apparel Department for the constant reminders and much needed motivation. Mr Pardeep from Eastern Garments for providing us the lab settings and inspiration he xtended. All the workers and staff of Eastern Garments who helped us in experimentations. Mr Lalith, Mr Salman and Mr Arsalan for assisting in the collection of the topics for the chapters. And Most especially to my family and friends. ABSTRACT Marker is a part of a paper on which the patterns of  all parts of the garments are drawn so that garments can be made by using minimum quantity of fabric. Reducing the quantity means that maker is being made efficient so that fabric wastage can be reduced as m uch as possible.There are two methods of marker making, the first one is manually in which a specialized marker maker makes the makers and try to utilize all the fabric so that another piece of fabric is not required. The other method is computerized method called Gerber Technology. In it the markers are made in computers and the efficiency is set by computer to decrease the fabric wastage. Saving the fabric is crucial because is decrease the average cost so that profit maximization can occur. After conducting experiments the best method for increasing the marker efficiency is Gerber (computerized).It makes the most efficient markers which decreases the wastage of fabric. This saves the cost and benefits the garment manufactures as they can make several pieces (patterns) out of less fabric. INTRODUCTION In recent years the number of markers required by apparel manufacturers has escalated disproportionately to growth. Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is incr easing, and lead times are getting shorter  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ all of which put more pressure on the marker making department. So it is no surprise that new automated marker making tools are being launched onto the market.Niki Tait takes a look. The improved fabric utilisation associated with computerised marker making has helped this technology virtually take over from traditional manual methods over the last 25 to 30 years. With fabric accounting for around 50 per cent of the ex-factory cost of a garment (more than 70 per cent in low cost labour countries), the 5 per cent saving associated with automated systems is key. In reality these marker making tools are ‘computer assisted' rather than ‘computerised,' with the skill of piece placement still relying on the experience of the marker maker.The computer plays a passive role, controlling the nesting constraints such as tilting, rotation and buffering while the operator makes all the decisions. An experienced marker maker will remember combinations which have worked before, he can see what part might fit into which slot, and he knows what he can tilt slightly off gain to fit. In the last few years, however, CAD companies and research organisations throughout the world have been working to develop systems to produce markers fully automatically.It's an extremely complex process given all the possible combinations of pattern part placements within a lay, and one that only becomes worthwhile if the material utilisation matches that produced by a skilled marker maker using conventional computer systems. It is only now becoming a viable option as the costs of high speed processing power and memory come down and software developments catch up. But for manufacturers the timing is a happy one as the number of markers – and cost of making them – has escalated disproportionately to growth.Orders are getting smaller, the number of different styles is increasing, and lead times are getting shorter â€⠀œ all of which put more pressure on the marker making department. With automatic marker making a series of parameters can be set. These include: produce the best possible solution in 30 minutes; try different combinations until a minimum of 91 per cent fabric utilisation is achieved; find the best combination within 500 tries etc. The system can be left to work through a batch of instructions unattended both day and night, so time constraints become less of an issue.With most automated systems, however, there is also the ability to combine human intervention within the automated process. Most CAD companies agree this provides for the best solution, particularly where the marker is going to be used for many repeats, on deep, long lays or where expensive fabrics are going to be cut. OBJECTIVES This research has several objectives which are beneficiary for number of reasons. The first objective of this research is to increase the production per hour by increasing the efficiency. Effic iency is directly related to production because if the marker is efficient, it can be easily layed out on he large bundles of fabric. Another objective is to increase the efficiency of the garment, when the marker made is good, the efficiency will increase and overall quality of the garment will be improved. It will also decrease the waste produced by the cutting department since with marker making technology, fabric will be properly utilized. One more major objective is to meet the international quality standards like for example ISO and etc. The objective goal of 83% percent efficiency which is the best in industries currently has to be met.This efficiency had to be tested on manual and computerized in order to find which gives the more efficiency and saves the fabric. SCOPE OF THE THIS RESEARCH One of the benefits of finding the efficiency was that the apparel industries require less labour to produce the garmants. The turnaround time of maker making is faster if done all at one time and pricewise, it will cost less money to manufacture a garment in apparel industries just by paying a flat rate for the whole process versus paying regular prize for each individual job.The markers can be fully customized to fit any costumer’s designing needs and are offered to apparel companies, Professional business people, Artists, People with new design inventions, young designers trying to launch for the first time a collection and people in  general who want to create a small clothing line to sell their designs on an online website store. Turn around time for most jobs done through marker making is faster than making each individual pattern made separately.An efficient marker coordinates and organizes all the work flow to be done for the costumer and spends a great deal of time explaining each little detail of the design process to its design team who will be in charge and responsible for the completion of a given project. Pricewise, making a garment through 83 percent efficient computerized marker will cost a lot less money versus paying five to ten thousand rupees for the making each single pattern by hand. This amount of money is often spend by manufacturing companies who have the obligation of aying all the salaries of their design team which can add up to thousands of rupees every week not forgetting the fact that paying regular prize for each individual pattern will always be more expensive than paying a flat rate for all the work to be done. In addition an efficient maker has many advantages, one of them is the ability to create many pattern and lay them on several fabrics in one location. This requires less space and the company can save its lot of space. Turnaround time for all pattern to be made are faster if done all at one time. LITERATURE REVIEWFor industrial garments preparation, marker making is a very important chapter for highest usage of fabric and for lowest wastage of fabric. This is a process which is performed to draw the pattern pieces on the fabric before cutting. This may be done by drawing the pattern pieces on the fabric directly or by drawing the pattern pieces on a thin marker paper and then placement the paper onto the fabric lay. So, we can define the marker as bellow. Marker is a thin paper which contains all necessary pattern pieces for all sizes for a particular style of garments in such a way that, fabric wastage would be least.The representation or drawing of the arrangement of identified garment pattern relevant to the cutting of a batch material. The marker is placed on the material and provides guideline for cutting. Marker may be on fabric or held in computer data files. Marker width is equal to the minimum fabric width and its length depends on the no of pattern sizes that will be drawn. Preparations of Marker Making Before the marker making, some preparatory processes would be followed. The processes are discussed ago (In preparatory processes chapter).Without those, some oth ers preparations are * Marking Grain Line : Before marker making, the grain line of pattern and fabric must be marked. * Fabric Measurement : Before marker planning, the fabric must be measured carefully. Because, marker width is relevant to the minimum fabric width. * Fabric Faults : Fabric faults would be also under consideration. In a fabric roll, where any faults found, that points must be avoided for quality production and to least the fabric wastage. * Cutting Table : Marker planner should consider the cutting table length before making marker.Marker length must be less than the cutting table length. Constraints of Marker Making During marker making, the work of the marker planner is subjected to a number of constraints. These relate to i. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment. ii. The requirements of quality in cutting. iii. The requirements of production planning. The nature of the fabric and the desired result in the finished garment * Patt ern alignment in relation to the grain of the fabric, pattern pieces normally carry a grain line.When pattern pieces are laid down the piece of cloth, the grain line should lie parallel to the line of the warp in a woven fabric or the wales in a knitted fabric. Where pattern pieces are laid across the piece, the grain line should lie parallel to the weft or course direction. If the marker planner lays down a pattern outside the stated rules for grain lines, then the finished garment will not hang and drape correctly when worn. This requirement to follow the grain lines restricts the freedom of the marker planner in choosing how to lay the patterns in the marker. * Symmetry or AsymmetryMany fabrics can be turned round (through 180. ) and retain the same appearance are called symmetrical. They require no special attention during marker making. Asymmetrical fabrics are those which are turned (through 180. ) and do not retain the same appearance. Examples of such fabrics are pile which is brushed in one direction and which show different reflection of light. The marker should be planned in such a way that it is in accordance with symmetry, asymmetry of the fabric. All pattern pieces of a garment should be along the same direction when laid down on a symmetrical fabric. * Design characteristics of the finished garmentsIf a vertical stripe does not show a complete mirror image repeat, the right and left sides of a garment may be mirror images of each other. In this case, a pattern should be placed on checks in such a way that the design matches when sewing up. During marker planning, a marker maker must have to think about matching the checks and stripes in a garment. His freedom is restricted here. So I think it?  ¦s a constraints for a marker maker. The Requirements of Quality in Cutting * For majority of cutting situations where a knife blade is used, the placements of the pattern pieces in the marker must give freedom of knife movement.A blade, which has width , cannot turn a perfect right angle in the middle of pattern piece and space must always be allowed for a knife to turn such corners. The amount of space depends on the actual cutting method employed. * Pattern count check that the complete menu of pattern has been included. * Correct labeling of cut garments parts is essential to identify correctly the garment parts for whole garment sizes. It is the responsibility of the marker planner to code every pattern pieces with its sizes as the marker is planned. The Requirements of Production PlanningWhen an order placed for a quantity of garments, normally specifies a quantity of each size and colour. If the sewing room requires the cut work urgently, the marker may make two markers. 1. Short marker and 2. Long marker. * For long marker, it can be made according to the size proportion and different sizes. This process is very much efficient and takes more time and increased shade variation. * For short marker and for the particular order two marker can be made, this process is less efficient but takes less time and more production and small cutting table. For complex garments long markers generally offer more opportunities for savings than do short ones. * The more sizes that included in a marker, the greater are the scope for fabric savings. Greater fabric savings and after lower total cost would normally result, from cutting a stepped lay with paper markers on top. However, though for greater efficiency, a marker maker needs opportunity to work with freedom, but for maintaining proper quality some criteria must be followed. That is why there are some constraints of marker making. Methods of Marker Making There are two methods of marker making. i. Manual method. ii. Computerized method.Here marker is produced in two ways. 1. Marker drawn directly on fabric lay. 2. Marker drawn on marker paper. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY In order to find out which method gives near 83 % efficiency, the data collected was analyzed by the means of statistical mathematics. 5 samples had to be selected from each; 1. Manual Marker Making 2. Computerized Marker Making The computerized Marker making will be further tested using 7 different computerized machines for making markers. In total there were 5 samples from manual and 35 samples from Computerized Marker Making which means that there were total 40 samples of markers. 75 yards of fabric was used to lay markers on them. Each technique and machine was given 175 yards of fabric and the total fabric utilized was 7000 yards. The experiment was done 200 times in order to get 5 samples from each technique and method. In order to find out the efficiency, there is a formula which calculates it. The formula is Area of the patterns X 100 Area of the marker Out of 200 samples 40 samples were selected through simple random selection. 5 samples were selected from manual marker and 35 samples were selected from computerized marker making.After sampling the results were put in the table and the mean of efficiency was calculated for the left out samples in order to find out how much efficiency at max could be given. RESULTS The 5 selected samples from each method and technique were taken out and their efficiency was calculated. After getting their efficiency they were put in the table to find out the mean efficiency produced by them. MANUAL MARKER MAKING Sample 1 | Sample 2| Sample 3| Sample 4| Sample 5| 76. 56% | 78. 34%| 67. 66%| 61. 2%| 67. 3%| Mean efficiency of manual marker making= 70. 2 % Efficiency from manual marker making can be of maximum 70. % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING LECTRA Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3| Sample 4 | Sample 5 | 81| 80| 79. 9| 79. 7| 81. 3| Mean efficiency from Lectra = 80. 38% Efficiency from Lectra marker making can be of maximum 80. 38 % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING NESTER Sample 1| Sample 2 | Sample 3 | Sample 4| Sample 5| 78. 9 | 77. 7| 81. 2| 81. 3| 80. 18| Mean efficiency from Nester = 79. 85% Efficiency from Nester marker making can be of maximum 79. 5 % but the required efficiency is 83% which makes the saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING GERBER Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 85| 86| 82. 3| 83. 3| 83| Mean efficiency from Gerber = 83. 92% Efficiency from Gerber marker making can be of maximum 83. 92 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most and it means that Gerber met the required efficiency percentage. Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 82| 82. 2| 81. 37| 82. 67| 82. 73| COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING AUTOMATIC NESTER Mean efficiency from Automatic Nester = 82. 1%Efficiency from Automatic Nester marker making can be of maximum 82. 1 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING ASSYST BULLER Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sam ple 5| 81| 79. 8| 81. 8| 81| 80| Mean efficiency from Assyst Bullmer= 80. 72% Efficiency from Assyst Bullmer marker making can be of maximum 80. 72 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. Sample 1| Sample 2| Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5| 82. 33| 82. 23| 81. 36| 82. 90| 82. 88| COMPUTERIZED MARKER MAKING TUKATECH Mean efficiency from Tukatech = 82. 34%Efficiency from Tukatech marker making can be of maximum 82. 34 % and the required efficiency is 83% which saves the fabric most. DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS Lectra Because material savings are a fundamental factor for every apparel firm, Lectra has spent the last 25 years developing solutions that apply state-of-the-art technology for material optimisation. Diamino V4 is its latest computer assisted version which, when combined with Expert V4, provides an automatic marker-making tool that can handle all kinds of fabrics and generate entire markers or complete partially operator-processed markers.Lectra says it s â€Å"intelligent software† takes into account the specific requirements of different garments, fabrics and pattern pieces. Gerber Technology Maximizing fabric utilisation is not the only consideration of marker making: the time it takes is increasingly important too. Gerber Technology has modified its AccuMark and Micromark software to allow parts to be rotated according to specified laying and style rules. The grain line deviation can also be defined. For the actual automation of the marker production its software has been integrated with Nester Server. NesterNester is available in two versions: NesterServer as an upgrade to CAD systems from Gerber, Assyst, Asahi, Toray, PAD and VetiGraph; and the Nester complete nesting system. This software tool automatically generates cost-effective markers for production, costing and engineering. It also combines automatic and semi-automatic options. The company claims Nester's return on investment is realised in under six months. Fab ric savings with automatic nesting Nester Inc offers this real-life example of a sportswear manufacturer cutting $30 million of fabric annually. Four production markers were given to Nester to process automatically.On average, Nester generated layouts that were superior to CAD-based manual results by 1. 05 per cent. The average length used in the four markers was 714. 21 cm with Nester and 721. 85 cm with traditional CAD-based manual nesting. On average, NESTER outperformed a CAD operator by 7. 64 cm, or 1. 05 per cent. If this saving were extended over the entire marker population in this factory, 1. 05 per cent fabric savings would equate to $315,000 per annum. Pad Systems Although Pad Systems' software integrates with Nester, it also has its own automatic marker making system.Within this, individual pattern pieces are directly related to the base pattern piece, so any changes to the pattern are automatically reflected in the marker. This feature is important in a fast changing fa shion industry where patterns may be modified several times throughout the development of a style. New markers are based on a similar, though previously manually made, marker of a comparable style and material. Thus Pad's automatic marker combines the original manual skill of the marker maker with the processing speed of the computer.This combination, the company explains, results in similar fabric utilisation but the new marker is achieved in a fraction of the time. Assyst Bullmer Assyst Bullmer no longer supplies automatic marker making software to its customers, explaining that automarker. com uses the most up-to-date software, is maintenance-free, and is available 24/7. On their own CAD systems customers define the width of marker, the sizes to plan and constraints such as whether rotation or twisting off grain is allowed. This is then sent to the website and the results download by the factory or sub contractor.Users include manufacturers in Eastern Europe where the comparable cost of manual lay planning on a CAD system would be low. Tukatech Tukatech's automatic marker making facility is called Nest ++ and is of particular use in helping cater for overload or rush orders, for large ratio markers and to estimate the best efficiencies on many fabric widths during pre-production. Efficiencies are said to be comparable to manually placing pieces in the CAD system (approximately 1 to 3   per cent difference). Users can start a marker with manual placement and Nest++ will finish the job automatically.Benefits are said to include increases in material efficiency with subsequent decreases in material waste, time and labour savings in making markers; improvements in overall marker quality; tighter markers; avoidance of backlogs during peak periods; and fast, precise cost proposals for clients. FINDINGS After experimentation the GERBER machine, is the best in reducing waste and giving the more efficiency. It is better to install Gerber rather than installing any other experimented CAD machine. Manual should be eliminated as the system is very faulty and old. CONCLUSIONIn manual system the system is used to make maker for garment making is traditional. But in CAD system marker making is done in modern system. Marker efficiencies are not visible in manual system. Other hand, marker efficiency is visible in CAD system. Marker length is not visible in manual system while Marker length is visible in monitor screen at CAD system. In manual, once marker is made, it is not possible to increase its efficiency. But in CAD it is possible to increase the efficiency at any time possible which means that fabric can be saved. In manual if the marker is layed, nothing can be done about it.Marker copying is not possible manually, so it is very time consuming to trace each and every other marker out there. In CAD, by using Plotter as much as possible copy can be done. Manual marker making is very time consuming method whereas, CAD is a faster method. In man ual system quality cannot be assured, sometimes markers can be good other times really faulty but in CAD, it has quality assurance. Even though manual system costing is low, CAD is expensive but the labour cost reduced saves cost in the long terms and since markers can be utilized again and again there is no special need of hiring a professional marker maker to make the atterns and lay them on fabrics. Out of all the CAD system Gerber turned out to be the best since it has an automatic efficiency calculator and it evens shows and tells that this much amount of fabric would be wasted if the efficiency percentage is low. Therefore, apparel industries are recommended to use Gerber as their primary source for making Patterns and makers. APPENDIXES 1. Marker Making Marker is a part of a paper on which the patterns of  all parts of the garments are drawn so that garments can be made by usingminimum quantity of fabric. 2. Marker EfficiencyThe efficiency of marker making means that how ef ficient it is in saving the fabric. 3. Computerized Marker Making Markers which are made through the means of Computer 4. Manual Marker Making Markers which are prepared manually by a trained professional 5. Laying The putting of patterns/makers on the bundles of fabric. 6. Plotter This is in computerized maker making. In plotter line diagrams of patterns or makers are drawn. REFERENCES 1. Garment Construction Skills (Premlata Mullick) 2. Apparel Manufacturing (Sewn Product Analysis) 3. Patternmaking for Gerber Technology (Helen Joseph-armstrong) 4. www. scribd. com/doc/61990320/Marker-Making